There are three types of astronauts: pilots, mission specialists and payload specialists, and each has different responsibilities.
Astronauts travel into space on missions ranging from exploring the Earth's atmosphere and conducting experiments to repairing technological devices orbiting the Earth, such as satellites. All astronauts participate in astronaut training, but their responsibilities while on a mission depend upon their educational experience, professional background and assigned role. The three types of astronauts that are usually present on a space mission are pilot astronauts, mission specialist astronauts and payload astronauts.
Astronaut Training
All astronauts must participate in an astronaut training program before they can participate in a mission. In the United States, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is responsible for the space program. NASA's training takes place at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. All novice astronauts must take courses in aircraft safety, basic science, math and technology. These astronauts also receive training in a space shuttle simulator and learn to function in weightless environments. After this basic training program is complete, advanced training focusing on an astronaut's individual skills and roles continues throughout her career.
Responsibilities of Pilot Astronauts
A pilot astronaut is usually the commander of the mission. As the commander, this astronaut is responsible for maintaining the vehicle, ensuring that the crew is safe and follows orders and ultimately guaranteeing that the mission is a success. As the pilot, this astronaut controls and operates the vehicle. The pilot may also help to deploy and retrieve satellites using the remote manipulator system, which is also called the robot arm or mechanical arm.
Responsibilities of Mission Specialist Astronauts
Mission specialist astronauts coordinate all on-board operations. Their responsibilities may include performing experiments, maintaining the space shuttle systems, conducting space walks and handling the payload. In order to fulfill this role, astronauts are trained in the details of the on-board systems, the specific objectives of the mission and the use of the equipment or systems needed to fulfill those objectives. In NASA, mission specialists must be citizens of the United States.
Responsibilities of Payload Specialist Astronauts
The "payload" on a space mission is the equipment needed to perform whatever task is the main objective of the mission. Since payloads can vary significantly, payload specialist astronauts are usually selected based on the skills required to fulfill the objectives of a specific mission. However, most payload specialist astronauts have a strong background in the field of physical or life sciences, or are highly skilled technical professionals who specialize in operating the payload equipment.
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