In 2008, there were 2.5 million women in the United States who had survived breast cancer, a disease that involves the growth of malignant tumors within breast tissue. Surgery to remove the tumor or the breast is one of the most common types of treatment, and this normally removes the cancerous tissue; however, radiation therapy is often prescribed after breast cancer surgery to ensure all cancerous cells have been eliminated.
Significance
Radiation therapy is frequently prescribed after breast surgery when a woman experiences the spread of cancer to four or more lymph nodes, the tiny glands surrounding breast tissue.
Function
Radiation therapy uses varying forms of radioactive materials to destroy any remaining cancer cells in the body, particularly in areas outside the breast if the cancer managed to spread.
Types
Internal radiation is performed by injecting the cancer into the breast tissue with a needle or catheter. External radiation uses a machine to conduct radiation waves into the breast tissue and is the type most commonly used after breast cancer surgery.
Time Frame
Radiation therapy usually is performed regularly for a period of 5 to 7 weeks.
Considerations
A woman's oncologist or surgeon will make the ultimate decision about the need for and duration of radiation therapy after breast cancer surgery.
Tags: breast tissue, after breast, breast cancer, breast cancer surgery, cancer surgery
Radiologists use dianostic imaging technology like X-rays.
Radiology uses imaging technology to assist in diagnosing and treating injuries and diseases. Within the field there are differing technologies that require differing skill sets, education and certifications, ranging from technologists to medical doctors.
One Field, Many Technologies
Radiology encompasses diagnostic imaging technologies that utilize X-rays, sound waves, radioactive material and magnetic fields. X-rays are pictures taken with radiographs, fluoroscopy or computed tomography (CT scans). Sound waves produce ultrasound sonography (sonograms). Radioactive material is used in nuclear medicine for contrast imaging. The human body's own natural magnetism is used to produce magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Radiology Technician
The most basic certification in the field is for radiology technician (RT). These technicians assist the radiologist by operating the equipment to produce images. Most certification programs for this position begin with an associates degree that prepares the applicant to work with X-rays. A license is required.
Specialty Certifications
After licensing, radiology technicians may train for additional certifications in MRI, sonography or CT scans. Each area requires one year of training and a certification exam. Additional education is also required for working in nuclear medicine.
Advanced Radiological Degrees
Registered radiological assistants (RRA) must complete a bachelor's degree, have obtained licensure as an RT and must pass RRA certification requirements. They are responsible for evaluating image quality and making initial diagnostic observations. Certified radiology nurses (CRN) are registered nurses (RN) who specialize in patient care throughout imaging treatments. A radiologist is medical doctor who is assisted by the radiological team.
MRI Radiology Technicians
An MRI technician, like all the other positions, is a radiology technician; however, not all radiology technicians move beyond the entry level position to the specialty jobs requiring additional certifications and degrees.
The term CT scan stands for Computed Axial Tomography and is often referred to as a CAT scan. It is a noninvasive test that helps doctors diagnose medical conditions. The procedure can take anywhere from 15 minutes to one hour depending on the part of the body being scanned.
Set Up
Set up is the part of the procedure that takes the longest, averaging about 15 to 30 minutes. Positioning is important and the technician may use pillows or wedges to hold parts of your body in place. She may ask you to move around on the table until you are in the desired position. Your test may require that you swallow a dye or contrast solution; in some cases, it is administered by enema or injected into an IV.
Scan
The actual scan itself takes only a few minutes and is completely painless. You may see flashing lights and hear a whirring noise during the scan. The table itself may move in and out of the scanner.
After The Scan
After the scan is complete, you may remain on the table a few minutes while the images are checked for quality. Occasionally, technicians may have to repeat part or all of the scan if movement blurred the images.
Tags: Does Scan, Does Scan Usually, Long Does, Long Does Scan, Scan Usually
You may receive benefits on your spouse's record if he qualifies for Social Security and you've been married over ten years.
Social Security has helped keep people of all walks of life out of poverty since 1935. You may think of Social Security as a program for the elderly, but in reality, many people become disabled at a young age, lose their jobs or lose a loved one, and struggle providing for their families. Without Social Security, widows, widowers, low-income children, ex-spouses, adopted children, stepchildren, the blind and people with disabilities would have limited options.
What was the original Social Security Act about?
In 1935, the Social Security Act was passed to provide a monthly benefit to retired workers, widows, children and the disabled. It got a reputation as a retirement program because most people who receive benefits are retirees. However, as of 2010, those who receive some form of Social Security Disability come as a close second to retirement beneficiaries.
When Should I Collect Retirement Benefits?
Though you qualify for reduced retirement benefits at 62, many people wait until full retirement age to collect benefits. Full retirement age is 65 for those born before 1939; it is 66 for those born between 1940-1959; and it is 67 for those born in 1960 or after. Age 70 is the age at which you'll receive your maximum benefit---but waiting beyond 70 does not increase your benefit amount.
What is Medicare and Medicaid?
Medicare and Medicaid are health insurance programs, but they are quite different. Medicare is funded by federal income taxes and serves as a medical insurance program for those of age 65 or older. Medicaid is a state-run program that provides benefits to low-income individuals of any age.
How much will my benefit be?
Your benefit for retirement and disability insurance will vary with your average lifetime salary and the number of years you worked. Supplementary Security Income (SSI) benefits are a set amount, regardless of your work history. Survivor's benefits depend on the work history and salary of your deceased relative. The Social Security Administration provides a benefit estimator (See Resources) for your convenience---it doesn't say how much you'll definitely get, but it gives you an estimate.
How does Social Security decide who is disabled?
The Social Security Administration defines a disability as a condition that will last at least a year or result in death. Using this criteria, it extends disability benefits to those who are the least adaptable to new jobs--often the elderly--and those who have few financial resources.
How do I apply?
You can apply for retirement, Medicare, and disability benefits online by going to the link in Resources section. Apply for survivor's benefits by calling 800-772-1213 and setting up an appointment. You can also call the previous number to apply for the other benefits, if you're uncomfortable applying online.
Tags: Social Security, Security Administration, Social Security Administration, those born, disability benefits, many people
There is nothing as well-intentioned as a health fair--people who have committed to treating and preventing illnesses, all gathered together in an effort to educate the public about making good lifestyle choices. But some people just don't want to exercise or eat right, and even if someone drags them to the event, who is to say they won't just walk on through and block everything out? Games can help by educating and entertaining at the same time.
The Game Show
Host a health themed game show. This will require local health experts to come up with questions (myth vs. reality questions can be particularly interesting). You'll also need a host, such as a local official or another well-known public figure with a good speaking voice and a fair measure of wit. Finally, you'll need contestants, and you'll probably have to entice them with prizes. Make them health-related, such as a gift certificate to a local health food store. You can run short five-minute rounds so that all can participate.
Battle of Wits
This is similar to the game show, but with a fun twist. Instead of having local health experts make the questions, have junior high or high school students write them with the help of their health, biology and anatomy teachers. Host the game show in the style of the popular show "Are You Smarter Than a Fifth Grader?" Friendly bragging rights are a great prize.
Physical Activity
Have a hula-hoop contest, host a dance-off, or bring in a portable climbing wall (this last one in particular might require liability insurance as well as expert instructors.) All are fun, all are spectacles, and all will be far more interesting to your audience than a row of booths and brochures.
Exercise for the Masses
Not everyone is up to a road race, or wants to run one. But a measured mile mall walk can be a highly visible activity that anyone can enjoy.
Tags: game show, local health, health experts, local health experts, them with
Projectors can serve as business aids or home theaters.
The terms "data projector" and "digital projector" both apply to a device that projects images from a digital source for viewing on a large screen or wall. Projectors use LCD, DLP, or LCoS technology to process the images.
LCD Projectors
LCD projectors split light into red, green and blue frequencies, according to ProjectorReviews.com. These frequencies pass through three separate LCD panels and then recombine in a prism for projection.
DLP Projectors
DLP projectors send their light to a single chip containing thousands of tiny mirrors. These mirrors modulate the light before passing it through a rapidly spinning wheel that selects the colors for the projected image.
LCoS Projectors
According to ProjectorReviews.com, LCoS, or Liquid Crystal on Silicon, projectors bounce the red, green, and blue beams off an internal reflector panel before sending them to a prism for recombination into a single projected image.
Applications
Businesses use projectors to display computer information in conferences, while home theater owners use them to enjoy TV and movies.
Leading Brands
ProjectorReviews.com lists InFocus, Panasonic, Epson, Optoma, BenQ, Sanyo, Hitachi, JVC, Sharp, Mitsubishi and Sony as the leading projector brands.
Tags: green blue, projected image, Projectors projectors
HMO's are a major form of employer-based health coverage.
A health maintenance organization, or HMO, is a form of prepaid health plan offered by employers to their employees. An HMO is an example of a managed-care model of health care delivery that has become the dominant method of delivery because of its potential to reduce costs and increase efficiency. The HMO Act of 1973 provided incentives to employers to offer HMO plans as an alternative to indemnity insurance.
Managed-Care Models
"Managed care" refers to organizations that provide both payment for health care providers and a system for delivering health care services. A key component of managed care is "gatekeeping." It means a patient can access only certain types of services from their primary provider, and can see a specialist or obtain rehabilitative services only if referred by the primary provider. This allows employers to save money by ensuring that only patients who are deemed to really need more expensive care will have access to it.
History
On Dec. 29, 1973, President Richard Nixon signed into law the HMO Act of 1973. The bill represented a monumental change in the way the federal government regulated health policies. Until then, the federal government directed legislation at the purchase of health care services, such as Medicare and Medicaid, or improving the distribution of health care services and health care facilities and resources. The HMO Act of 1973 was directed at changing the system of health care delivery.
Features
The HMO Act of 1973 specified the basic health services an HMO had to provide and supplemental services it could choose to provide. Basically, employers prepay a flat fee to the HMO, and employees receive services as they need them. The capitation payment provides the patient a certain amount of money that can be used for services over a period of time, either monthly or annually. If the employee uses fewer services, the provider keeps the difference. But the provider must absorb the cost if the employee uses more services.
Benefits
HMO health plans are enticing to employers because they know in advance what the cost of providing health insurance to employees will be. They are also appealing because the number of patients is fixed, and revenue is obtained by providing incentives for cost control by withholding services deemed unnecessary.
Evolution
Several different models of HMO's have emerged since the HMO Act of 1973 was passed. A staff model HMO refers to when physicians are employed by the HMO and are compensated via salary. A prepaid group practice model HMO indicates a service in which physicians are employees of an independent group that is contracted to provide services. In a network HMO, an HMO contracts two or more group practices to provide services.
Tags: health care, care services, health care services, care delivery, employee uses, federal government, health care delivery
If you find yourself without medical insurance and coming down with some type of sickness, it can be a particularly intimidating experience. While going without health insurance is not recommended, there are some steps that you can take if you find yourself without coverage and you come down with an illness.
Free Clinics
When you have no insurance, you may want to start searching for free clinics in your area. Many areas have free clinics or health departments where you can get basic medical services. These clinics sometimes provide doctor visits for free, and if not, you may have to pay only a minimal fee. The problem with these clinics is that they are often crowded and it can be difficult to get an appointment. If you can get past that hurdle, they can help you get the treatment you need.
Generic Prescriptions
When you do not have any medical insurance to help you cover the costs of prescription drugs, your bill at the pharmacy can get expensive quickly. If you get a prescription for your sickness from the doctor, you may want to consider asking the pharmacist if you can get a generic brand instead. Many large chains offer generic prescriptions for as little as $4. This could save you a substantial amount of money if you have to get several medicines.
Negotiation
If you have a serious medical condition and you have to get a great deal of medical treatment, you may need to negotiate the best deal. For example, if you have to have some kind of surgery, you can often negotiate the price of the procedure down. Let the hospital know that you will be paying cash immediately after the procedure is completed. By negotiating, you can often get the price down to a much more reasonable figure. Some hospitals will reduce the price by 50 percent or more.
Discount Plans
Even though you may not be able to get insurance after you are already sick, you can generally get a discount plan. A medical discount plan is similar to insurance except that you only get a discount on the services provided. You can get online and sign up for a medical plan and be covered instantly. You show your medical discount card to the provider and then you have to pay cash for the service. This can net you discounts of up to 70 percent in some cases.
X-ray technicians perform scans on patients' bodies.
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment for X-ray techs is expected to grow faster than average. If you are looking for a career in the medical field, but you have no interest in being a doctor or a nurse, the job prospects for this career may appeal to you.
Job Description
X-ray technicians, also known as radiologic technologists, operate imaging machinery to perform diagnostic exams. Some examples include performing dental X-rays, chest scans, or basic X-rays. Technicians may also have a specialty such as cardiology, computed tomography or mammography.
Work Environment
X-ray technicians work in doctors' offices, dental offices and hospitals. This job requires being on your feet for long periods of time operating the machinery. Working with this sort of machinery does expose you to radiation, which could have negative effects on your health; however, technicians wear protective gear. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, technicians wear badges that state how much radiation is in the area, and they also keep track of their lifetime exposure to the radiation.
Education Required
Many educational programs offer training in X-ray technology; programs can be found at community colleges, trade schools, and universities. Whether you choose to enroll in a certificate, associate degree, or bachelor's degree program will depend on your state's licensing requirements and your overall goals. Technicians may choose to pursue certification from the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists to increase their job prospects or meet state licensing requirements. To be eligible, you must be of good moral character, you must graduate from an approved program, and you must pass an exam.
Salary and Wages
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median wage for X-ray technologists was $52,210 in May 2008 with the highest 10 percent earning more than $74,000 and the lowest 10 percent earning less than $35,000. PayScale.com puts the average hourly rate between $15.40 and $23.68 per hour as of February 2011.
Tags: According Bureau, According Bureau Labor, Bureau Labor, Bureau Labor Statistics, Labor Statistics, X-ray technicians
Illinois offers state-managed health care through designated managed care organizations. These managed care programs have networks of hospitals, doctors and specialists. Patients who enroll in a particular managed care plan receive health services from physicians and hospitals within that managed care organization.
Family Health Network
Family Health Network serves the communities of Cook County, Illinois. This managed care organization provides a network of more than 590 primary care physicians, more than 1,960 specialists, 29 hospitals and more than 270 behavioral health caregivers. Neighborhood hospitals sponsor the not-for-profit Family Health Network plan.
Family Health Network
910 W. Van Buren, 6th Floor
Chicago, IL 60607
312-491-1956
888-346-4968
fhn.org
Harmony Health Plan
Harmony Health Plan serves Cook, Jackson, Kane, Madison, Randolph, Perry, St. Clair, Williamson and Washington counties in Illinois. This managed care organization and HMO includes 61 hospitals, more than 4,450 specialists and more than 970 primary care physicians. Harmony Health Plan is the biggest Medicaid HMO in Illinois.
Harmony Health Plan (Cook County Only)
200 W. Adams St.
Chicago, IL 60606
312-630-2025
800-608-8158
harmonyhpi.com
Harmony Health Plan
23 Public Square, Suite 340
Belleville, IL 62220
618-236-8050
800-608-8158
harmonyhpi.com
Meridian Health Plan
Another managed care organization is Meridian Health Plan, which also is an HMO. Meridian Health Plan offers more than 500 specialists, more than 200 primary care physicians and a network of 10 hospitals. Residents in the counties of Adams, Cook, Brown, Scott, Pike, Mercer and Henry have the option to select Meridian Health Plan.
Meridian Health Plan
222 N. LaSalle, Suite 930
Chicago, IL 60601
866-606-3700
meridianhealthplan.com
Tags: Health Plan, managed care, more than, Harmony Health, Harmony Health Plan, Meridian Health
A Pap smear is a test done by a doctor that checks for signs of cervical cancer. Getting a Pap smear is a normal process for a woman, but sometimes it can be terrifying if your doctor calls and tells you that the results of your Pap smear came back abnormal. A Pap smear allows the doctor to look at cells from your cervix, and when the results come back abnormal, that means that some of the cells showed abnormal changes.
Understanding the Results
When you are told your Pap smear results are abnormal, make sure you take the time to ask questions that may be on your mind. Request a copy of the lab report and ask the doctor to explain everything you don't understand.
Cervical cancer happens when these abnormal cells spread deeper into the cervix or other nearby organs. Understanding your results is very important in the treatment of your condition.
There are three categories of abnormal Pap smears. These are: ASCUS -Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance; LGSIL - Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions; and HGSIL - High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions.
An ASCUS Pap smear means that slightly abnormal cells were detected on the cervix. That means there were mild changes and while doctors are uncertain at this point what it might be from, it could be caused by HPV or another type of infection.
Dysplasia is the abnormal growth of cells and there are four types of dysplasia: mild, moderate, severe and carcinoma in situ, which are abnormal cells that have not spread and could likely form into cancer and spread to nearby areas.
LGSIL means that mild dysplasia was found, and that these changes could be caused by an HPV infection.
HGSIL can either mean moderate dysplasia or severe dysplasia, which indicates that the abnormal cells look very different from regular cells. These cells have a high likelihood of progressing to cancerous cells.
The doctor may order a colposcopy, a procedure that allows her to examine the cervix more closely. The doctor will take a look at your cervix with an instrument called a colposcope, which is similar to a microscope. The doctor may also remove a tiny piece of tissue from the cervix to send to a laboratory for analysis.
You may also want a second opinion, and you are free to take your results anywhere you choose. Just remember not to disregard the lab results and make sure you get a follow-up exam.
If the results show that you do indeed have cancerous cells in the cervix, your gynecologist may refer you to an oncologist.
Tags: abnormal cells, means that, back abnormal, cancerous cells, could caused
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) refers to non-invasive medical scans that use magnets to take pictures of the body. Some MRI scans require the injection of a contrast dye, which creates clearer images. MRI contrast dye is made of gadolinium and is safe for most people.
Features
Gadolinium is a metal ion that is FDA-approved as an MRI contrast agent. Gadolinium is paramagnetic, which means it acts differently within a magnetic field, such as the magnetic field created in an MRI.
Concerns
Patients with renal insufficiency or renal dysfunction may have an increased risk of developing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis after receiving gadolinium-based contrast dye, according to the FDA. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis involves skin thickening, preventing mobility and eventually causing death. Patients with renal disease should ask if MRI scans that involve contrast are medically essential.
Warning
Contact your doctor if you experience swelling, reddened or itchy skin, joint stiffness or pain, muscle weakness, or raised spots on your eyes after having an MRI that used contrast dye. These symptoms may indicate the development of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
Tags: systemic fibrosis, Contrasts Safety, magnetic field, nephrogenic systemic, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, Patients with, Patients with renal
A variety of scholarships and educational grants are available to students who wish to pursue a career as an X-ray technician. Most X-ray technician scholarships are offered by state and national associations dedicated to improving the fields of allied health and radiologic technology. Some funds are also available to practicing X-ray technicians who need money to conduct research.
American Society of Radiologic Technologists
The American Society of Radiologic Technologists is one of the primary sources of scholarship money for aspiring X-ray technicians. The ASRT Education and Research Foundation offers scholarships of $2,500, $4,000 and $5,000 to eligible applicants. To be eligible, a student must be pursuing a career related to radiologic technology and have a grade point average of at least 3.0. In addition, an applicant has to be a permanent resident or citizen of the United States to qualify. The annual application deadline is February 1.
Association of Schools of Allied Health Professions Scholarship of Excellence Award
The Association of Schools of Allied Health Professions makes scholarship assistance available to aspiring X-ray technicians through its Scholarship of Excellence Award. This scholarship is awarded in the amount of $1,000. To be eligible, a student must have successfully completed at least one term of postsecondary study, and must be attending an institution that is a member of the Association of Schools of Allied Health Professions. The annual deadline for application falls on May 14.
Health Professions Education Foundation Allied Healthcare Scholarship
The Health Professions Education Foundation offers scholarship money to X-ray technician students in the sate of California through its Allied Healthcare Scholarship Program. This scholarship is awarded in amounts of up to $4,000 per academic year. Recipients of this scholarship must agree to serve as an X-ray technician in a medically underserved area of California for a minimum of one year upon graduating. Applicants must have a grade point average of 2.0 or higher. The annual deadline for application is September 11.
ASRT Professional Research Grant
Some scholarships and educational grants are available only to X-ray technicians who have attained a basic certification and are already working in the field. For instance, the American Society of Radiologic Technologists offers Professional Research Grants of up to $10,000 to radiologic professionals who wish to pursue a research project. The ASRT also offers several $5,000 scholarships specifically to X-ray technicians who wish to further their education, including the Elekta Radiation Therapy Educators Scholarship and the Medical Imaging Educators Scholarship.
Tags: Health Professions, X-ray technicians, X-ray technician, Allied Health, Allied Health Professions, American Society, American Society Radiologic
Phlebotomists receive specialized training and certification to draw blood and handle specimens.
Phlebotomy training prepares students for a career in collecting human specimens for laboratory examination. Phlebotomists interact with patients, draw blood and prepare specimens for examination. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects faster-than-average job growth; those considering a career in phlebotomy must undergo specialized training. There are several schools in the Fresno area that offer phlebotomy courses; graduates are eligible to take the examination to become certified by the California Department of Health Services.
Gurnick Academy of Medical Arts
Gurnick Academy of Medical Arts offers a ten week phlebotomy technician course designed to accommodate students planning to work in a hospital, clinic, laboratory or public health department. The course is offered every two months at the Fresno campus. The class meets for 4 hours twice a week and combines 40 hours of classrooms learning with 40 hours of hands-on experience during a clinical externship. Classes cover topics such as quality assurance, anatomy, specimen collection, medical terminology and venipuncture technique. Successful completion of the externship is contingent upon successfully accomplishing 10 skin punctures and 50 venipunctures. To be considered for admission to the program candidates must be a high school graduate or have a GED, be 18 years old or older, successfully undergo an SLE (Scholastic Level Exam), pay all fees and complete all enrollment paperwork. Graduates are eligible to become certified as a level 1 phlebotomist technician.
Gurnick Academy of Medical Arts
Fresno Campus
2984 North Maroa Ave.
Fresno CA 93704
559-222-1903
gurnick.edu
Fresno City College Training Institute
FCCTI (Fresno City College Training Institute) offers a phlebotomist training program that combines 48 hours of theory and classroom time with one 120 hours of hands-on clinical experience. Topics include infection control, collection devices, collection safety, blood withdrawal and preparing specimens for laboratory processing. Successful completion of clinical experience is contingent upon successfully completing 25 skin punctures, 100 venipunctures and 5 arterial observations. To register for the course, applicants must possess a high school diploma or its equivalent, have all required immunizations and insurance, attend orientation, purchase scrubs and books, submit proof of CPR/BLS certification and submit to a criminal background check. The course is offered several times each year.
Fresno City College Training Institute
1901 East Shields Ave., Suite 250
Fresno, CA 93726
559-256-0188
fccti.com
College of the Sequoias
College of the Sequoias is located approximately 44 miles southeast of Fresno, in Visalia, California. The college offers a phlebotomy technician certification program that can be completed during the course of one semester. Graduates of the program are eligible to take the California Department of Health Services examination for state certification. The course covers topics such as basic/advanced phlebotomy, puncture techniques and clinical practice.
College of the Sequoias
915 South Mooney Boulevard
Visalia, CA 93277
559-730-3700
cos.edu
Tags: Academy Medical, Academy Medical Arts, City College, City College Training, College Sequoias, College Training
Macular degeneration is an eye disease with two variations---the "dry" and the "wet" type. In the dry type, which has no treatment, central vision slowly and painlessly worsens. The wet type or neovascular type progresses faster and usually begins with distorted vision. Several cancer drugs are being used "off-label" (non-approved for the purpose) experimentally to treat macular degeneration. As of November 2009, 43 experimental clinical studies involving cancer drugs were recruiting participants.
Bevacizumab
The brand name of this drug is Avastin. It is a colorectal anti-cancer medication. Serious warnings accompany its use for that purpose because it may cause gastrointestinal perforation in up to 2.4 percent of patients according to an online drug index, RXLIST. A lengthy medical review article by F. Ziemssen, S. Grisanti, K.U. Bartz-Schmidt and M.S. Spitzer, published in "Drugs and Aging" in 2009 compared Bevacizumab to a newer drug specifically designed for intraocular use, Ranibizumab (brand name Lucentis). Out of 511 reports between June 1, 2005, and July 31, 2008, 33 found "consistent and clear evidence for the efficacy of Bevacizumab." However, even the best of the studies did not have enough evidence on control cases to make a definite conclusion that this drug was better than Ranibizumab. The article also pointed out the safety issues with the cancer drug.
Anti-Angiogenic Drugs
Anti-angiogenic drugs are those that suppress proliferation of cancer cells. Two drugs, Ranibizumab mentioned above, and Pegaptanib, while not normally used to treat cancers, are under study for the treatment of wet macular degeneration. These provide the hope of not only preventing further degradation in vision, but also actually improving sight. A review in "Health Technology Assessment" in May 2008 by J.L. Colquitt, J. Jones, S.C. Tan, A. Takeda, A.J. Clegg and A. Price reported on these drugs.
Methotrexate
Methotrexate, brand name Trexall, is an extremely potent drug used to treat some cancers, although it has many serious side effects. One medical study by S.K. Kurup, C.Gee, and C.M. Greven, which appeared in "Acta Opthamologica" July 21, 2009, with limited information, reported on the intravitreal use of methotrexate in resistant macular degeneration.
Tags: brand name, macular degeneration, this drug, used treat
Acute care prospective payment is a system used to determine reimbursement for hospitals. Implemented in 1984 to help control Medicare costs, the prospective payment system (PPS) was based on diagnosis-related groups (DRG's). Other insurance payers soon started using DRGs and prospective payment.
Understanding Prospective Payment
Prospective payment systems are reimbursed on predetermined charges rather than actual charges. DRG calculations help to predetermine the amounts paid under prospective payment.
Diagnosis-Related Groups Factors
DRG formulas are based on factors like patient age, gender, diagnoses, procedures and where the patient was discharged.
How it Works
Resources used to treat the patient are key factors in prospective payment. The less resources used, the more money the hospital makes. For example, a hospital may be reimbursed $2,500 for treating a patient, but only use $1,500 in resources. Under prospective payment, the hospital is still paid $2,500 and makes a $1,000 profit.
Result of Prospective Payment
As a result of prospective payment implementation, health care organizations began to operate more efficiently. Previously, health care was reimbursed on actual charges and provided no incentive for efficiency. Under PPS, predetermined reimbursement makes it beneficial for hospitals to operate using fewer resources.
Prospective Payment Updates
In 2008, the government updated DRGs to the Medicare severity-adjusted diagnosis related group system. MS-DRGs account for more detail and a more stringent payment system.
Tags: actual charges, Acute care, Acute care prospective, care prospective, health care, payment system
Support stockings are prescribed by doctors for conditions that affect the legs and feet, such as varicose veins, edema and lymphedema, according to the Support Hose Store (Ref. 1.) Support stockings are made of elastic material, which compresses the legs. This constriction helps lower the amount of stress on the blood vessels. Support stockings should only be worn at certain times.
Instructions
1. Put your support stockings on first thing in the morning, before you get out of bed. (Res. 1.) That's when the least amount of blood will be in your veins. Because you have been lying down, your legs will be less swollen.
2. Stretch out the support stockings evenly as you pull them on. This will enable the stockings to work properly. It will also prevent wrinkling. Adjust the support hose throughout the day, smoothing any wrinkles.
3. Wear support stockings throughout the day, unless your doctor advises otherwise. You can even wear support stockings while you exercise. However, they must be removed before swimming, as chlorine will ruin the elastic. Bathe after swimming.
4. Replace support stockings every four to six months. This is when the elastic begins to wear out. You'll know when it's time to replace the stockings, because they'll be easier to put on.
Choosing the right master's degree can greatly affect your bottom line.
Graduate school can be expensive and leave you with a mountain of debt to overcome. That makes it even more important to choose a graduate program that will offer the best opportunity to earn a high salary after graduation. Although all higher education increases your potential earnings, some degrees lead to careers that are much more lucrative than others.
Software Engineer
In a world that runs on computers, it makes perfect sense that the people who tell the computers what to do receive ample compensation. Software engineers are those people. They work with programmers to design and perfect the programs that computers require to operate. Although it's not necessary to have a master's degree to work as a software engineer, those who do are in the top 10 percent in terms of earnings, with an average salary of nearly $140,000, as of 2011, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
Nurse Anesthetist
In America's overburdened health care system, nurses are taking on many of the responsibilities previously reserved for doctors. Nurse anesthetists perform most of the same tasks as anesthesiologists, and in many states, they do not even require a doctor's supervision. To become certified, you must be a registered nurse and graduate from a master's level program to become a certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA). According to the Health Careers Center, CRNAs can earn an annual salary of $150,000 or more, as of 2011, depending on the geographical location and work setting.
Physician Assistant
Physician assistants take the burden off of busy doctors by performing simple diagnostics and medical procedures. Such assistants are licensed to dispense certain medications and often work alone, with only phone contact with a physician. Though it's possible to become licensed as a physician assistant with only a bachelor's degree, it is becoming less common; most programs now award a master's degree. According to the BLS, the salary for a general physician assistant working in a clinical setting is around $75,000, as of 2011, but physician assistants also work in specialized fields such as cardiology, where the earnings potential is much greater.
Petroleum Engineer
The world's insatiable thirst for oil guarantees a high salary for petroleum engineers. Petroleum engineers work closely with other scientists such as geologists to locate oil reserves throughout the world. As reserves are depleted, the demand for skilled engineers increases, as does the value of higher education. Like with software engineers, you can begin working with only a bachelor's degree, but to enter the top tier, you need a master's degree. Once there you can expect to earn around $150,000 annually, as of 2011, according to the BLS.
Tags: master degree, with only, 2011 according, bachelor degree, become certified
Sonographers provide important services to expecting mothers and their doctors.
If you are thinking about becoming a sonographer, one of the most important things to consider is attending an accredited program, even if you choose to earn a certification in lieu of a degree. Accredited sonography programs allow those in interested in this field to take the registry exams and become a licensed sonographer, which can make it easier to gain employment.
The Minimum
There are different routes you can take to become a sonographer, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Whichever path you choose, you must have a high school diploma or a general education development certificate. In addition, some training programs will admit students who have a high school diploma or GED and have taken college courses in health, math and science.
Associate Degree in Applied Science (AAS)
Some college, including community colleges, universities and technical schools offer formal training for students to become a sonographer in a two- or four-year program. According to the BLS, two-year programs to earn an associate's degree in applied science are the most popular for those who want to work as a sonographer. To earn a degree to become a sonographer, students must take courses in physiology, instrumentation, physics, anatomy, medical ethics and patient care. After completing a degree program, a student is eligible to take the American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers or the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists registry exam to earn a certification. Some students choose to take the ARDMS and ARRT exams. The BLS states that a certification from either registry adds to an individual's credibility as a technician and can enhance employment opportunities.
Training in a Related Field
In lieu of earning an AAS, an individual can choose to receive training in a field related to sonography and then attend a sonography certification program. The BLS states that some vocational-technical institutes accept those who had health-care experience in the Armed Forces or in another health-care field, such as a radiologic technician. The BLS states that one-year programs typically do not provide adequate training for those interested in becoming a sonographer and are meant for professionals who already work in the health-care field.
Specializations
After earning a sonography certification, you can choose to advance in your field by studying in specialty sonography programs. For example, you can become a registered diagnostic cardiac sonographer and a registered diagnostic medical sonographer. On the other hand, you can study abdominal sonography if you wants to become an obstetric sonographer.
Tags: become sonographer, states that, American Registry, becoming sonographer, earn certification
Have a foot problem? Find a podiatrist in three steps.
Podiatrists diagnose and treat foot problems, as well as help patients prevent foot disorders, according to the Australian Skills Recognition Information dataset, a government resource. Podiatrists in Australia must complete an accredited training program and register with the podiatry board of Australia. Finding a podiatrist in South Australia may seem like a daunting task, but thanks to government and professional resources, there are three main ways to find a South Australian podiatrist.
Instructions
1. Search through the professional registry. The Australian government requires healthcare providers to register with the regulatory agency that oversees professional licenses; its professional register of providers is searchable by profession or by Australian state, allowing you to produce a list of podiatrists in South Australia as well as their registration or license information.
2. Use professional association resources. The Australasian Podiatry Council, a nonprofit group representing podiatrists in Australia and New Zealand, offers a searchable database on its website. You may search by postcode, city or suburb; you may also isolate your search to a specific clinic in your community. The APC's search tool will provide not only a list of podiatrists in South Australia, but information about their practice, contact information, address and link to the podiatrist's website.
3. Check online podiatry resources. Health websites with a global focus, such as ePodiatry, provide tools to help you find a podiatrist in South Australia. In addition to providing a link to a tool that will search for a podiatrist based on your postcode, ePodiatry also provides a full directory of providers, along with identifying the South Australian cities in which they practice and links to their clinics' websites for more information.
Tags: South Australia, list podiatrists, list podiatrists South, podiatrist South, podiatrist South Australia, podiatrists South
Osteoporosis is a disorder of the bones that renders them weak and brittle. It can present without symptoms and at any age though it is often associated with advanced age. Osteoporosis can be treated with medication and dietary modification and can even be prevented by insuring proper intake of calcium and vitamin D and by engaging in regular exercise. A bone density test (densitometry or DXA scan) determines risk for developing osteoporosis. It measures how many grams of minerals, such as calcium, are present in bones. Osteoporosis testing can also monitor treatment of confirmed cases.
What to expect
Bone density testing is fairly straight-forward and does not take long. It doesn't even require the patient to remove clothing. Two types of machines are used, central devices and peripheral devices. Central devices scan the hip and spine. They are widely regarded as more accurate and scans take a mere 15 minutes to complete. Peripheral devices scan the forearm or wrist, and this type of test is more affordable than testing with central devices.
prepare
Preparation for bone density scan is minimal. It is not painful, not invasive and requires almost no changes in routine ahead of time. Barium swallow or testing with radioisotopes can affect the outcome so the scan shouldn't be scheduled within two weeks of these tests. It is ideal to eat normally before the scan. No intake will interfere with bone density testing other than current intake of calcium and radioisotopes, as mentioned. If osteoporosis has already been diagnosed, current medications should be discontinued for the day of the scan but may be resumed after the test is complete. Calcium supplements should be avoided 24 hours before testing but again, can be resumed shortly thereafter. Results of testing generally take a matter of days to receive back.
Tags: bone density, central devices, density testing, devices scan, intake calcium
Your credit report can be a scary read. Seeing how much you owe all at once is bad enough, but trying to figure out all the special codes, such as a black mark, can make it even more frustrating.
Definition
A black mark may appear on a credit report if a payment on an account is over 30 days late, you default on a loan, file for bankruptcy, don't pay taxes, have a judgment filed against you, or have an account go to a collection agency.
Multiple Black Marks
You can have more than one black mark on a single account (depending on how late the payment is) and multiple black marks on your overall credit report (for multiple delinquent accounts).
Avoiding Black Marks
A creditor may not send information that would add a black mark to your credit report to the credit reporting agencies. However, this is rare, so the only sure way to avoid getting black marks on your credit report is by making payments on time and keeping up with who and what you owe.
Impact
Having black marks on your credit report can prevent you from getting additional credit and loans for cars and houses. Also, potential employers may check your credit report before they consider hiring you. Black marks might indicate you're not be reliable or organized.
Resolution
It takes time and money to wipe away black marks on your credit report. On-time payments made consistently for six months to a year will help the accounts with past-due payments, but if you have accounts that have fallen to a collection agency or delinquent loans, you should work with the creditors and lenders to rectify those quickly.
Tags: credit report, your credit, your credit report, black marks your, marks your
Credit cards can be a convenient way to make payments, but they can also help you accumulate a large amount of debt. If you find yourself in a position where you cannot make your credit card payments, you could face serious consequences. At this point, your credit could be damaged and you could have lawsuits filed against you.
Higher Rates
When you default on a credit card debt, it can have a significant effect on your interest rates. Most credit cards have a default rate associated with them. If you default on one credit card, all of your other credit cards will also raise their interest rates to the default rate. This interest rate could be as high as 30 percent with some credit cards. This means that the payments on your debt will increase significantly.
Debt Collectors
After a certain amount of time passes with no payments from you on your bill, the credit card company may hire debt collectors to contact you. Once this happens, you should expect several phone calls and letters from the collectors. The debt collectors will try everything in their power to try to get the money from you. The collectors may try to contact you several times per day in hopes that you will pay your bill. You can stop the collection calls by asking the collectors to contact you in writing or by hiring a lawyer.
Lawsuit
If the debt collectors do not have any luck in trying to collect the money from you, the credit card company could file a lawsuit against you. When the credit card company files a lawsuit, unless you can prove that you did not accumulate the debt, the court will issue a judgment against you. Once the credit card company has a judgment, it can take steps to garnish your wages or to levy your bank account to get the money you owe.
Credit Damage
When you do not pay your credit cards, it will negatively affect your credit history. Every time you try to get financing for anything, the lender can look at your credit report and see that you defaulted on a credit card. This will make it hard to get approved for financing and, if you do get approved, the interest rates will be higher. This credit damage will also affect your insurance premiums and it might be difficult to rent a property since landlords usually look at credit histories.
Some people are born with moles and others develop them as they age. The moles that develop later are usually a result of heredity. Most moles are no cause for concern unless they have cancerous or pre-cancerous signs. Some people choose to leave their moles alone and not have them removed, especially since most health insurance will not cover the procedure because it is considered elective. Many times the moles are in visible areas, such as the face, or they are in an area that causes discomfort when they rub on clothes or jewelry.
Excision with Stitches
This method of removing moles has taken a back seat to more modern treatments but requires that the mole be cut out by a physician. He would use a local anesthetic such as lidocaine and then wait about 15 minutes before cutting the mole out. This procedure is followed with stitches.
Shave Biopsy
In some forms of treatment the doctor actually shaves off the mole with a scalpel, leaving behind a small scar that could be the color of the mole or white. The part of the mole that was removed is sent to the lab for a biopsy to determine whether cancerous cells are present.
Cauterization
Using a special tool, the doctor burns the mole away. This procedure allows the wound to heal on its own. The process of cauterization seals the wound and therefore no stitches are required. This method allows the wound to heal just like any other burn would heal. While this is not a painful process it can sting for a couple of days.
Laser Surgery
Via laser, the mole is removed. This is likely the best method and certainly the most advanced way of removing moles. The laser gets rid of the existing tissues and does not normally bleed. This means that there is no need for stitches and this procedure also results in the least amount of scarring.
Considerations
All of these mole-removal treatments can be done in the doctor's office and none would exceed an hour. Some patients do better if they are given something to help them relax before the procedure. There is no pain associated with the laser method but there can be some tenderness following the others after the anesthetic wears off. There might be a scab that will form but it will usually fall off within a couple of weeks.
In 2010, over 2 million people ages 65 and older received SSI benefits.
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a federally funded program run by the Social Security Administration (SSA). Qualified individuals receive monthly benefit payments based on their incomes. SSI recipients can receive medical coverage from Medicare, which is an entitlement health-care program. To receive coverage, they need to meet the program's age and medical requirements and pay premiums and other expenses. However, there are options for SSI recipients who need help paying for Medicare coverage.
What is SSI
SSI payments are made monthly to individuals with limited financial resources. Applicants must be 65 or older, or blind or disabled. The income limits for applicants to qualify for SSI benefits vary by state. The program doesn't count all income. For example, SSA doesn't count the first $20 of most monthly incomes, the first $65 of monthly wages and half the amount over $65. Single and married individuals are also eligible for SSI payments if their resources do not exceed $2,000 and $3,000, respectively.
Medicare
Medicare is an entitlement program that provides medical coverage. Applicants must be 65 years or older, disabled or have end-stage renal failure. Medicare has four parts, but the two main ones are Parts A and B. Part A is free to all Medicare recipients who paid Medicare taxes while they worked; it covers hospice care, home health care and skilled nursing care. If members didn't pay Medicare taxes when they worked, they may still be able to purchase Part A by contacting SSA. Part B pays for doctor services, outpatient care and other services not covered by Part A. Medicare members must pay monthly premiums to be covered under Part B.
Financial Assistance
Low-income SSI recipients can receive financial assistance to pay for Medicare. There are state programs available to help SSI recipients pay premiums, deductibles and coinsurance. There is also extra help to pay for annual premiums, deductibles and co-payments for Medicare Part D, which is the drug prescription program. Contact SSA for details.
Considerations
The SSA doesn't count the values of applicants' houses or the land they're on when determining resources. SSI recipients who receive either Medicaid with prescription-drug coverage and Medicare, SSI and Medicare or have their Medicare premiums paid for by their states automatically qualify for financial assistance.
Medical assistant is one of the fastest growing occupations in the United States, according to the Department of Labor's Occupational Outlook Handbook. Between 2008 and 2018, jobs for medical assistants are expected to jump by 34 percent. There are no formal requirements to become a medical assistant, and some learn on the job, but obtaining a certificate from an accredited medical assistant program improves your chances of getting a job.
University of Alaska Anchorage College of Health and Social Welfare
The University of Alaska Anchorage offers two certified medical assistant programs. One is an associate of applied science (AAS) degree program, and the other is a Certified Medical Assistant (CMA) exam preparation course. Completing either allows students to take the CMA exam. The associate-degree program includes an externship in a medical office. To apply for the AAS or CMA preparation programs students must obtain CPR certification. Requirements also may include a physical exam, proof of current medical insurance and immunization and a criminal background check.
University of Alaska Anchorage Medical Assisting Program
3211 Providence Drive, AHS 161
Anchorage, AK 99508
907-786-6928
uaa.alaska.edu
Erwin Technical Center
Erwin Technical Center in Tampa, Fla., offers daytime and evening classes for its medical assisting program. The course covers medical terminology, anatomy and physiology, radiology, pharmacology, scheduling and administrative assisting. Prospective students must pass a physical examination and have current vaccinations, and may be subject to random drug tests. Erwin's medical assisting program also includes an externship in a physician's office or clinic.
Erwin Technical Center
2010 E. Hillsborough Avenue
Tampa, FL 33610
877-231-1815
erwin.edu
Mercy College of Health Sciences
Mercy College of Health Sciences of Des Moines, Iowa, offers a three-semester medical assistant (MA) certification program and an associate of science degree program. Students who complete the MA certificate program can be admitted into the degree program. The certificate program includes in-class lessons, skills labs and clinical experience. Curriculum includes medical assistant clinical procedures, imaging, anatomy, English composition, psychology and a practicum.
Mercy College of Health Sciences
928 6th Avenue
Des Moines, IA 50309
515-643-3180
mchs.edu
Richland College
Richland College in Dallas, Texas, offers a one-year program in medical assisting. Students are subject to criminal background checks and drug screens and must obtain liability insurance and current immunizations. Coursework covers medical law and ethics, insurance coding, terminology, human behavior in health professions and computers in healthcare. The course also includes clinical experience.
Richland College
12800 Abrams Road
Dallas, TX 75243
972-238-6950
richlandcollege.edu
Tags: College Health, Alaska Anchorage, College Health Sciences, degree program, Erwin Technical, Erwin Technical Center, Health Sciences
The zebra finch originated in Australia and is still found throughout Australia today. Zebra finches are social birds and are best kept in pairs. Knowing the difference between male and female zebra finches is based on the bird's markings. It is not until after the finches' first molting (feather shedding) that you can visually begin to tell the difference between male and female. As the birds mature there will be an obvious difference based on beak, breast, cheeks, throat, flanks and legs.
Instructions
1. Look closely at the beak of zebra finches. A male will have a noticeably brighter beak than a female. The color of a male beak is a deeper red-orange color than the female. A female beak is more of a pale orange.
2. Inspect the breast for obvious differences. The breast of a male zebra finch will have a black breast bar that is not seen on a female zebra finch. The black breast bar extends across the entire breast.
3. View the cheeks of the zebra finch. Male zebra finches will have orange patches that are not seen on a female finch. The cheek patches of a young male will be pale until he has fully matured at approximately six months of age.
4. Check the throat area for differences. A male zebra finch will have what look like zebra stripes that are black and white. The stripes will be located above the black breast bar and below the beak.
5. Look at the bird's flanks. The flanks are on each side of the bird just below the upper portion of the wings. A male zebra finch will have a chestnut-colored patch with white spots. The female zebra finch will not have flank patches.
6. View the legs of zebra finches. The legs and feet of a male zebra finch will have the same deeper red-orange color than those of the female zebra finch.
Tags: zebra finch, will have, finch will, finch will have, zebra finch will, female zebra
A prostate biopsy involves your doctor taking a small tissue culture from your rectum and examining it to see if any cancer exists. The doctor will insert a thin needle into the perineum--the area between your genitalia and anus--or through the urethra to remove tissue from a growth. Prostate biopsies require a release form, because some potential complications can occur. Your doctor will tell you prepare yourself for a prostate biopsy.
Medication
The needle of a prostate biopsy can penetrate the lining of the colon because of its thinness. Your colon carries feces--breeding grounds for harmful and potentially deadly bacteria such as E. coli. If your colon is breached, these bacteria can enter your prostrate and aggravate any existing infection because of the relative lack of antibodies. Internal bleeding can also result. Avoid taking any anticoagulant medications prior to your biopsy, because anticoagulants will interfere with blood clotting and put you at risk for infection.
Anesthesia Preparation
Don't eat or drink anything for at least six hours prior to receiving anesthesia. Under anesthesia, your body loses control of some of its functions such as digestion. According to the Associated Anesthesiologists of Reno, your body normally has protective reflexes that prevent the stomach from expelling partially digested food into the lungs. During surgery, the anesthesia halts these processes. Therefore, you should avoid eating so your have no food in your stomach. This will prevent you from choking. You can drink sugarless liquids to flush out toxins from your system. Clear liquids such as water, tea, and fruit juice digest easily, according to the website Drug Information Online.
Enema
MSN Health recommends you take an enema to clear any feces from your system if your biopsy will be performed through the anus. Your doctor may issue one to you. Try to wait five minutes to have a bowel movement after using the enema, so your digestive tract will completely empty of food and liquid.
Tags: from your, doctor will, from your system, prostate biopsy, your biopsy, your body
A PPO is a type of health insurance, which stands for "preferred provider organization." A PPO allows the policy holder to visit any doctor that is within its coverage network without prior approval from the insurance provider. This type of health plan provides the flexibility to change doctors and offices when needed. In California, there are different types of PPO plans available to families, seniors and businesses.
Individual and Family Plans
Individual or family PPO plans are insurance plans that individuals buy on their own. The price and services provided can vary significantly between different plans. Coverage may be denied to certain people based on individual medical history. For example, AIDS, cancer, diabetes and other serious conditions may automatically disqualify someone from eligibility for a PPO.
Senior Plans
Some PPO plans are geared specifically towards the needs of seniors, both in regards to services and costs. In fact, some senior plans are up to 50 percent cheaper than standard plans. This is made possible by a unique program called "Medigap." Medigap works as a supplemental insurance policy, which bridges areas of coverage that Medicare does not provide.
Business Plans
Business or group PPO plans are much more comprehensive than individual insurance offerings. They are provided by employers at an affordable cost to employees - often less than the cost of individual plans. Small business plans can generally cover up to 50 people.
Scouting is intended to empower girls by building their character, confidence and courage. Girl Scout meetings are a time to develop the bonds of friendship and teamwork among the girls in a troop. Introducing games during the meetings can be effective skill-building tools all the while having fun. The games in this article are appropriate for girls at the elementary school level.
Pass the Mirror
A strong, positive self-image can build a girl's confidence. The goal of this game is to encourage a positive self-concept and positive attitude. The girls form a circle and sit cross-legged on the floor. The leader passes a mirror around the group. As each girl receives the mirror, she looks at herself and states one nice physical feature and one nice personality characteristic she possesses. The mirror is passed around until each girl has complimented herself.
Rumors
Also known as the Telephone Game, "Rumors" teaches girls about the dangers of gossip. Gossip is unreliable because as a rumor is spread, it is changed a little in each telling. The leader asks the girls to form a circle and sit on the floor. The group leader should make up the sentence, write it down, and then tell it to the first girl sitting on her left. This girl whispers the sentence to the girl to her left. That girl whispers to the person on her left, and so on until the rumor comes back to the girl on the leader's right. This girl states the rumor aloud. The sentence will almost certainly be completely different. The leader should tell the girls what the original sentence was so they can hear how the rumor changed. A discussion should follow about how this type of behavior can impact an individual.
Group Hula Hoop
The Group Hula Hoop game is played with several small groups. The scouts should form groups of four girls each. Each group needs a hula hoop. Each girl holds the hula hoop with the first two fingers of each hand. The object is to set the hula hoop on the ground without anyone's fingers leaving the hoop. This game is great for team building and problem solving.
Trust Me Walk
Trust Me Walk requires blindfolds and an indoor obstacle course or maze. A maze can easily be made with small traffic cones or other objects placed around the room. Each girl chooses a partner. One partner is blindfolded while the other stands on the other side of the room. The girl who can see guides her partner through the maze using her words. This activity is great for building communication skills and teamwork.
Do as I Say
This game illustrates the need to match your actions to your words. The scouts all stand in a line at one side of the room. The leader stands in front of them. The leader calls out an action, but does something else. For example, she may say, "Hop on one foot," while she does jumping jacks. The girls try to follow the spoken direction and not the leader's action.
Tags: form circle, friendship teamwork, Girl Scout, girl whispers, girls form
Breast reconstruction surgery is usually done at the same time as the surgery for the removal of cancerous tissue; however, it can be done at a later date, due to circumstances or personal preference. When done in conjunction with the cancer removal surgery, it has both physical and psychological advantages, as you do not have to undergo major surgery more than once, and when you do wake up, you know that underneath the bandages are at least the beginnings of your new breast.
Type of Reconstruction Surgery
Reconstruction surgery consists of one of two basic types: either replacing the breast tissue with implants, or using skin, muscle and fat from other parts of the woman's body, which can include the stomach, buttocks, or back area to construct a breast.
Whenever possible, the surgeon will also try to spare as much of the skin that covered the original breast. This will prevent the necessity of large skin grafts having to be performed, and will present a better appearance, as the skin over the breast will more closely match the skin on the surrounding area.
Women who are facing reconstructive surgery may see this as an opportunity to have the larger bust size they have always wanted. If this is your mindset, then you may want to tell your surgeon and plastic surgeon that you prefer implant reconstruction, as this will allow you more choices in choosing your breast size.
Picking Your Breast Size
Choosing the size of your new breast will be discussed with your surgeon and plastic surgeon before the operation. How large your new breast size can be will depend on the type of reconstruction that will be done, the size of your chest wall and the surrounding area, and, if implantation was the option, the type of implants used.
If you take advantage of reconstruction surgery to increase your bust size, remember that this will affect both breasts. If only one breast is being removed, surgery will have to be performed on both the cancerous breast and the unaffected one so that they will match.
From there, you will need to decide exactly how big you want to be. You will want to keep your overall appearance in mind, including your frame size and body proportions.
If you have always been flat-chested, and just want to have a flattering figure, you might want to be a bit conservative in picking your breast and settle for a B or C cup size. If, however, you have always wanted your bosom to be the first thing anyone noticed, then go up to the D or DD size.
Remember, however, you only have so much skin on and around the chest area, even if the surgery itself is going to be skin-saving. Larger breasts will require more skin, which will have to be taken from other areas of the body.
Also, your bone structure and muscle mass must be considered. A small-boned woman with minimal/normal muscle mass simply may not be able to carry the weight of extremely large breasts.
Type of Implants Used
No matter what size you have in mind, remember that breast implants themselves are filled with one of two materials, either silicone or saline. Silicone implants have a more natural feel, and the ones used today are safer than the ones that caused health problems several years ago, although there is still the risk of the implant rupturing and silicone being released into the body. However, the size of the implant must be chosen before it is inserted, and the size cannot be changed without removing the old implant and inserting a new one.
Saline implants, on the other hand, do allow for size preference. This is because the implant material is inserted, then gradually filled with saline until the desired size is reached.
This actually has a two-fold advantage. Because a few days, usually a week, passes between additions of saline, the skin has time to stretch and settle over the breast as the size is increased. This reduces or eliminates a lot of discomfort that can be caused by the skin adjusting to the implant.
Also, while you are waiting for each saline addition, you will have an idea of how heavy your new breasts are going to feel. You may discover that you are satisfied with only a slight increase in breast size.
Tags: breast size, have always, will have, your breast, your surgeon plastic
Fingerprint analysis may be part of a forensic technician's job.
Jobs in forensics consist of many different tasks related to crime scene physical evidence. The forensic science field is growing, with the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicting a 20 percent increase in jobs by 2018. Beginning forensic science workers are generally classified as forensic technicians. Forensics field workers often concentrate on a certain area of expertise, including fingerprints, handwriting or ballistics. Forensics jobs require a post-secondary education in forensic science or another natural science, with many jobs requiring at least a bachelor's degree.
Crime Scene Technician
A crime scene technician assists at crime scenes, collecting evidence that will be analyzed for clues about the crime. The job typically involves taking photographs and dusting the crime scene for fingerprints. Technicians also gather evidence samples from dead bodies and people involved at the crime scene. Forensic technicians takes urine samples, blood samples and DNA samples, and preserve the integrity of those samples. Crime scene technicians are normally required to have a four year degree in forensics or another area of science such as biology or chemistry. Some technicians may have a specialized two year associate degree. Police departments and insurance companies often employ crime scene technicians.
Laboratory Technician
A forensic laboratory technician examines the evidence that was collected at a crime scene, or evidence that was collected from bodies at the crime scene. Evidence examined by forensic laboratory technicians may vary widely and can include hair, blood and fingernails. Depending upon the complexity of the case, the forensic laboratory technician may not be the only person examining the evidence. Because of the varied types of evidence, a number of different forensics experts may be involved in one case, according to the American Society For Clinical Laboratory Science. A forensic laboratory technician will need a four year degree in forensic science to qualify for this position.
Computer Forensic Technician
A computer forensic technician investigates computer data for criminal evidence. Computer forensic technicians gather evidence on computer hard drives, personal digital devices and other electronic devices that may be used as evidence in a criminal investigation. A specific degree may not be required for this job, although, a computer science or accounting degree may be helpful, says the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. However, many computer forensic technicians do have some college education or training in detective work.
As breast cancer awareness increases, more women are having regular mammograms.
Mammograms, which are X-rays of the breast, are the most effective way of detecting breast cancer. The National Cancer Institute reports that mammograms, which screen for breast cancer, tumors and calcium deposits, have reduced the number of deaths from breast cancer in women ages 40 to 69. According to nonprofit organization Breastcancer.org, mammograms have lowered the risk of death by 35 percent in women over 50. Despite their safety, accuracy and life-saving effectiveness, mammograms come with some disadvantages and limitations. However, the benefits of mammograms significantly outweigh the disadvantages, and NCI still recommends that women receive annual mammograms beginning at the age of 40.
False Negatives
Despite their effectiveness, mammograms can produce false negatives. According to NCI, screening mammograms miss about 20 percent of breast cancers present during the procedure. False negatives are more common in younger women because their breasts are more dense, which makes a mammogram's detection of breast cancer or signs of cancer more difficult.
False Positives
False positives occur when a health care professional or radiologist believes a mammogram is abnormal, although no cancer is present. False positives not only create worry in patients, they cause more stress with the follow-up visits and testing required after any abnormal mammogram. Follow-up testing includes ultrasounds, biopsy and diagnostic mammograms, which check for breast cancer after a lump or other sign of cancer is found during a screening mammogram. Like false negatives, false positives occur more often in younger women as well as women who have had previous breast biopsies, women with a family history of breast cancer and women who are taking estrogen.
Radiation Exposure
Like all X-rays, a mammogram uses a small amount of radiation. While mammograms use less radiation than a standard chest X-ray, repeated exposure to radiation could lead to problems. However, according to NCI, the amount of radiation and the risk of harm are so slight that the benefits of mammograms significantly outweigh the risk of radiation exposure.
Other Limitations
Despite their success and effectiveness in early breast cancer detection, mammograms cannot always detect some cancers or signs of cancer. According to Breastcancer.org, mammograms can miss as many as 20 percent of breast cancers that are not visible to this method of detection. Mammograms have limitations that depend on the growth of cancer or how long cancer has been present. For example, even though mammograms can detect tumors that can't be felt during a self-exam or clinical breast exam, some tumors may be so aggressive that the cancer may have already spread to other parts of the body. The effectiveness of a mammogram is also limited by a woman's age, as studies have yet to show the benefit of regular screening for women under 40 years old.
Making up for Disadvantages
To make up for the limitations and disadvantages of mammograms, women should regularly practice self-exams and receive clinical breast exams by a health care professional. Other forms of breast imaging, such as an ultrasound or MRI, can also help make up for the limitations of mammograms.
Tags: breast cancer, Despite their, amount radiation, benefits mammograms, benefits mammograms significantly, breast cancer women
An HSA puts you in control of your health care spending.
Health savings accounts, or HSAs, were introduced as a way to put consumers in charge of their own health care spending. The reasoning is that consumers make smarter decisions when they spend their own money, and that those smarter decisions will eventually drive down the cost of medical care for everyone. If you have an HSA, you need to understand just what those funds can, and cannot, be used for.
Doctor Visits
When you go to the doctor, either for a routine physical or for an accident or illness, you probably pay a copay, with your health insurance plan picking up the rest of the cost. You can use the funds in your HSA to pay the cost of your copay. Just hand your HSA debit card to the office manager at your doctor's office when you get your bill. Keep a copy of your bill, and your HSA receipt, with your tax records.
Prescription Drugs
Even if your health insurance plan includes coverage for prescription drugs, you are probably required to pay at least something toward the cost of your medications. You can use the funds in your HSA to pay for any prescription drug costs not covered by your health care plan. The pharmacist will be able to use your HSA debit card and bill it appropriately. The point-of-sale software systems used in pharmacies are designed to indicate which items are eligible for HSA payments and which are not.
Over-the-Counter Medications
One advantage of an HSA is that it can be used to pay for things that your health care plan does not. Most health care plans do not pay for over-the-counter medications like cold remedies and nonprescription allergy medications, but you can pay for these items with the funds in your HSA. The easiest way to pay for these items is to hand your HSA debit card to the pharmacist. The pharmacy's software will instantly determine which items you can pay for out of your HSA.
Prescription Eyeglasses and Contact Lenses
The funds in your HSA can be used to cover the cost of prescription eyeglasses and contact lenses. If your vision or health care insurance pays part of the costs, only the uncovered amount can be paid out of your HSA funds. The easiest way to use your HSA funds to pay for prescription eyewear is to give your HSA debit card to the person handling the transaction. The worker in the optometrist's office will compute the total cost of the glasses or contacts, then deduct what your insurance pays before billing the remainder to your HSA. Be sure to keep copies of all your receipts with your tax documents.
Tags: health care, your health, debit card, funds your, your debit, your debit card, with your
Dentists are professionals who work on the health of the teeth, bones and tissue of the mouth. They diagnose diseases of the mouth, teeth and gums as well as provide advice and instruction to prevent the diseases from returning. Dentists use a variety of tools and equipment to assist them in dental procedures.
X-ray Machine
Many dentists have an X-ray machine in their offices. Some of these X-ray units are portable, and some are attached to the walls of the exam room. Dentists use these machines to observe the bone structure of the mouth as well as diagnose structural problems with the teeth that would remain undetected by the human eye.
Mouth Mirrors
Mouth mirrors have a small head that is attached to a longer arm. These instruments help dentists better see areas of the mouth that would be difficult to observe otherwise. The ability to see hard-to-reach places allows dentists to note if there is tooth decay or other disorders in the mouth. Mouth mirrors also can be used to push the tongue and cheek into a position that allows the dentist to better view the teeth.
Dental Forceps
Dental forceps are plier-like tools that dentists use when they are performing extractions. These tools come in a variety of sizes and styles for different sized mouths.
Dental Drills
Dental drills are are small, high-powered instruments used before a filling is installed. These drills also are used to make the small hole at the base of the tooth needed for root canals. Dental drill heads are made of hard metal and come in a variety of forms designed for specific purposes.
Scalpels
Dentists use scalpels to to perform surgical procedures. A scalpel can be used to open the gums for a bone graft. It also can be used to assist in the removal of wisdom teeth.
Safety Wear
To protect the eyes from the spray and splatter that accompanies dental procedures, dentists wear safety goggles. They also use masks and gloves to protect themselves and their patients from infectious diseases.
Dental Probes
Dental probes have a handle and a blunt measuring needle. These instruments are used to examine the gum pockets of a patient. The measuring device on the probe allows the dentist to determine if a patient has periodontal disease. Dental probes also can be used to examine a hole in the tooth enamel or to remove tartar and plaque from the mouth.
Tags: also used, allows dentist, come variety, Dental probes, dental procedures