Natural Progesterone Vs Progestin

Progesterone is typically part of hormone replacement therapy in which doses of estrogen are given with progesterone, either combined or as a separate prescription. Women who are suffering from the symptoms of menopause, such as vaginal dryness, hot flashes and problems sleeping, have turned to hormone replacement therapy for relief. Many women are also concerned about the role of progesterone and how it differs from progestin in the context of this therapy.

Progesterone's Role

Progesterone is created in the ovaries of women still menstruating and also during pregnancy. After a woman's reproductive organs ovulate and there is no pregnancy, progesterone levels naturally drop and the uterus sheds the lining. Women who take hormone replacement therapy typically no longer menstruate but still have their ovaries and need this shedding process to protect them from endometriosis, which can happen if only estrogen is taken. Progesterone is also produced in much smaller quantities by male testes and adrenal glands but it is not considered to be a male hormone.

Progesterone

When used in the setting of hormone replacement therapy, the name progesterone refers to how the drug is made and what is used to create it. It is often referred to a "natural" or "bio-identical" and is made with wild Mexican yams or soy. Diosgenin is extracted from wild Mexican yams and then synthesized into progesterone. For soy, sigmasterol is extracted and used to produce progesterone. Neither wild yams nor soy contain progesterone on their own.

Progestin

Progestin is also referred to as "synthetic" and comes in the generic form as medroxyprogesterone. This drug is created in the laboratory and is designed to be as close as possible to the molecular makeup of progesterone produced naturally in a woman's body. Progestin is also prescribed as part of contraceptive treatment and there are progestin-only pills available. As a contraceptive, progestin changes the cervical mucus by causing it to become thicker and harder for sperm to penetrate. Progestin affects sperm, making fertilization more difficult as well harder for a fertilized egg to attach to the uterus.

Other Uses for Progestin

Progestin is also prescribed for uses other than hormone replacement therapy for post-menopausal women. Women who suffer with endometriosis or heavy periods may receive progestin therapy. If a pregnant woman's body is not producing enough progesterone, progestin is often prescribed. Infertility treatments or donation of eggs often require additional progestin therapy if the body doesn't create on its own.

Associated Risks

Both progesterone and progestin can have side effects and the use of either should be carefully monitored. Some women can have an allergic reaction to progesterone, such as chest tightness and pain or problems breathing. Side effects include diarrhea or constipation and edema. Progestin side effects include minor ones, such as tender breasts, dizzy sensations, vomiting or fatigue. More serious symptoms, which are classified as allergic reactions, are hives, breathing problems, chest pain and severe headache. Whether taking progesterone or progestin, monitor symptoms and side effects carefully and always let your doctor know if any of these are present. Read the warning label that comes with any prescription for a full list of side effects or possible reactions.

Tags: hormone replacement, hormone replacement therapy, replacement therapy, progesterone progestin, Progestin also, side effects

What Is Medicare Part B

What is Medicare Part B?

Even more than Social Security, Medicare is one of the most controversial social welfare programs of the U.S. government. At $256.8 billion in fiscal year 2002, it's expenditures routinely exceed projections, and are growing, in percent and absolute terms, faster than the federal budget. A 2008 report concluded the entire program would be insolvent by 2019. And yet, the benefits provided under Medicare remain one of the few lifelines available to many of America's senior citizens.

Function

Medicare Part B was part of the original Medicare program signed into law by Lyndon Johnson, which has been expanded continually, most notably in 2003. The purpose of Part B was to cover expenses not included under Part A, which focused on health care administered in a hospital. Part B was used to cover outpatient care, other care from physicians and nurses, and medical equipment like walkers and oxygen for home use. Part B also covers some preventive services like exams, lab tests and diabetes self management training.

Features

Medicare Part B coverage is optional. Like other insurance coverage, it costs the beneficiary a regular premium and copayments, though these can usually be deducted from Social Security benefits or waived altogether in some special cases. The cost to the beneficiary of Medicare Part B depends on their annual income: in 2007, the standard monthly Part B premium was $93.50, but any senior with an annual income more than $80,000 likely paid more. Additionally, there may be other costs associated with failing to register within three months of the 65th birthday.

Benefits

Under Medicaid Part B, 80 percent of covered services are reimbursed to the private insurer by the federal government, leaving the difference as an out-of-pocket expense of the beneficiary. Even with the premiums and copayments, Medicare has substantially reduced the cost and increased access to health care for seniors.

Significance

Medicare Part B can, in some cases, actually limit the amount a physician can bill for services. Medicaid's 80 percent reimbursement is not based on the doctor's bill, but on a pre-determined "reasonable charge." If the doctor bills higher than this reasonable charge, the Medicare reimbursement will be less than 80 percent, and the expense to the beneficiary higher. The law prohibits, however, doctor's from billing more than 115 percent of the reasonable charge, thereby capping the cost to the beneficiary for individual services.

Considerations

Even though Medicare Part B coverage is regulated by an agency of the federal government, the individual plans are designed and administered by private health insurance companies. As a result, the details of each plan can vary significantly, and it's up to the consumer to shop around for the plan that best meets their needs.

Tags: Medicare Part, more than, reasonable charge, annual income, cost beneficiary, expense beneficiary, federal government

Arm Pain Related To Breasts

Since arm pain can be related to a variety of medical conditions, it is important to be conscious of other symptoms that occur with the arm pain. For example, many women experience arm pain in conjunction with pain or tenderness in the breasts. In this case, you should speak with your doctor regarding breast conditions that may cause arm pain, which could include either cyclic or non-cyclic breast pain. Your doctor will be able to explain the severity, cause and treatment of your specific condition.

Arm and chest

Cyclical Breast Pain

Cyclical breast pain is generally related to the second half of a woman's monthly cycle. The pain often gets worse in the days just before menstruation begins. Cyclical breast pain is quite common. It can occur at any age after the onset of menstruation, but usually occurs between the ages of 30 and 50. The symptoms of cyclical breast pain are typically mild, although they can be quite severe in some women. Usually, women experience pain in both breasts. This pain is often felt more severely in the upper and outer parts of the breast, and it occasionally radiates to the inner part of the upper arm.

Treatment

Although cyclical breast pain can be quite frustrating, it is not a serious medical condition. Treatment is commonly not needed if the symptoms are mild. Severe pain related to cyclical breast pain can be managed in a variety of ways. The breasts should be adequately supported; underwire bras are not suggested for women who suffer from cyclical breast pain. Painkillers, such as ibuprofen, can be taken on days when the pain is severe. A warm compress may also be used to relieve the pain in the breasts and arm. The compress should not be too hot, as this could cause burns to the skin. It is best to avoid placing a warm compress directly over the nipples.

Breast Cancer

Non-cyclical breast pain is not related to the woman's monthly cycle. There are various causes for this type of breast pain, including problems with the muscles or bones in the chest. Occasionally, an infection in the breast tissue may occur, which would cause severe pain in the breast tissue. If the infection goes untreated, the infection may spread to other areas of the body, including the armpit and upper arm. Breast cancer is another cause of non-cyclical breast pain that may lead to arm pain. Breast cancer develops in the breast tissue and usually begins with the formation of a small tumor. In the early stages of breast cancer, no symptoms are prevalent. However, over time, a lump can be felt in the breast or armpit. The armpit often swells, and pain and tenderness can be felt in the breasts and along the arm.

Treatment

Breast-cancer treatment depends on the size and location of the tumor in the breast. Surgery is commonly used to remove or destroy the cancerous tumor. If surgery is not a feasible option, radiation therapy may be used to destroy the cancerous cells inside the breast tissue. Chemotherapy, hormone therapy and biological therapy are all used to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. Pain can be managed through the use of medications, massage and heat therapy.

Considerations

Angina is a symptom of coronary artery disease. It is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. As a result, the heart muscle does not get enough blood, resulting in severe chest pain. This pain is typically described as an uncomfortable squeeze, heaviness, tightness, pressure or pain in the chest. Some people mistake this chest pain as pain in the breasts. In addition to the chest pain, patients with angina also experience pain in the arms. If you are experiencing pain in the chest or breast area, along with pain in the arms, and it has not been associated to breast cancer or any breast disease, it is important to speak with your doctor regarding the possibility of angina.

Tags: breast pain, breast pain, breast tissue, chest pain, cyclical breast pain

What Is Medicare C

Medicare Part C plans may provide for extra days of hospitalization.

The United States federal health insurance program known as Medicare, which is for seniors and the permanently disabled, has four distinctive parts -- Part A, Part B, Part C and Part D. Part A is hospitalization insurance that provides for assistance in inpatient care in hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, and certain home health care and hospice services. Part B pays for physician fees and medical supplies and services not covered under Part A. Part D is prescription drug coverage. Part C is a bit more complex.

Types of Part C Plans

Known as Medicare Advantage, Part C of the Medicare program offers additional health care insurance benefits to individuals enrolled in Part A and Part B of the program. The Social Security Administration divides the types of Medicare Advantage plans into categories and may refer to each in the official literature the agency issues by initials. According to the federal government, the four most common are PPO for preferred provider organization plans; HMO for health maintenance organization plans, also referred to as Medicare managed care plans; PFFS for private fee-for-service plans; and SNP for special needs plans, also known as Medicare specialty plans.

Common Part C Plans Defined

An HMO plan generally offers the enrollee a directory of participating hospitals and health care providers from which to choose. Once a primary physician is chosen, the doctor directs patient health care. A PPO is a pay-as-you-go plan. Health care providers that participate in the PPO network will have set fees for specific services. The patient has an option of choosing health care providers outside of the network but may be responsible for the difference, if any, in charges from the set fee schedule. PFFSs differ from other Medicare Part C plans in that the beneficiary can choose any qualified health care provider who agrees to take Medicare. SNPs are designed to provide needed services to Medicare-eligible individuals with severe chronic conditions, as well as disabled and institutionalized individuals.

Medicare Part C Providers

Providers of Medicare Advantage Plans are private insurance companies operating under agreed-to federal guidelines. Generally, insurers who offer Part C plans provide the consumer's Part A and Part B benefits as part of a package of coverage. According to the Social Security Administration, Medicare Advantage Plans must offer comparable Part A and Part B coverage for all benefits and services as the original Medicare program with the exception of hospice care. For patients who require hospices, the original Medicare insurance coverage kicks in.

Additional Program Requirements

Medicare literature stipulates that all eligible enrollees will be provided with coverage for emergency care, regardless of whether or not the patient has a Part C plan. Furthermore, the program stipulates that Part C plans are not considered supplemental coverage. In other words, the portions of the plans that mirror parts A and B should be identical or better than the original Medicare program, except as noted concerning hospice care. Part C then provides additional coverage, such as paying for extra days of hospitalization.

Tags: Part Part, health care, Medicare Advantage, care providers, Medicare Part, Medicare program

Get Free Breast Implants And Breast Augmentation Surgery

Whether they need reconstructive surgery after breast cancer, or just a self-esteem boost, women often balk at the price of breast implants. While some insurance companies may pay for breast augmentation in certain situations, most women seeking breast implant surgery must pay out of pocket, or find a benefactor. If you are a women with financial constraints, there are several ways that you can get free implants. Read more to see if you are eligible.

Instructions

1. The best way to get a whole suite of cosmetic surgeries, including breast implants, is to apply for a makeover on a reality show. There are several programs on TV that feature everyday people getting transformative makeovers.

You have a good shot at being selected if you are older, have a tragic life story, and are....well....cosmetically challenged. If you don't mind being on TV, give it a shot.

2. Set up a website to solicit donations. This works well if you are very attractive -- except for being flat-chested. To make enough money in a decent time frame, you will need to get lots of traffic to your site, which means posting lots of sexy pictures.

In exchange for chatting and exchanging emails, many men will donate to your plastic surgery fund. It is considered good etiquette to post photos of yourself after you get breast implants, so that your donors can see what they paid for.

3. If you are not tech-savvy, and alternative to Step 2 is to register with a website called My Free Implants. All you have to do is upload photos of yourself and chat with benefactors; the website will take care of collecting donations on your behalf while keeping your personal info safe. When you have acquired enough donated funds to pay for your breast implants, My Free Implants will pay your surgeon directly.

4. If you are a military wife, you may be able to get free surgery if you pay for the actual implants yourself. Check with your physician on base.

Tags: after breast, breast implants, breast implants, Free Implants, photos yourself

Use Of Premarin And Breast Cancer

The natural production of estrogen declines after menopause, causing side effects such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness and loss of bone density. Hormone replacement therapy restores a woman's hormonal balance and relieves menopausal symptoms, but the added estrogens can promote tumor growth in certain hormone-dependent cancers.

Premarin

Premarin is the brand name for a preparation of estrogen synthesized from the urine of pregnant mares, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Premarin is a hormone replacement therapy, primarily used to relieve menopausal symptoms.

Estrogen and Breast Cancer

The female hormone estrogen promotes the growth of breast and uterine tissue. This natural function of estrogen also stimulates the growth of certain types of hormone-dependent breast cancers. Approximately three quarters of all breast cancers are estrogen receptor positive (ER-positive), which means estrogen causes these tumors to grow. The tumors do not distinguish between estrogen produced naturally and hormones ingested in replacement therapies.

Premarin and Breast Cancer

The Women's Health Initiative (WHI), a large-scale study of the effects of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women, found Premarin was associated with slightly fewer cases of breast cancer compared with placebo. Estrogen alone was associated with less breast cancer than combined estrogen and progesterone hormone replacement therapy, according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The reduced risk associated with Premarin was seen only in women who had had a hysterectomy, and the reduction was only for early stage breast cancer and cancer of the lining of the milk ducts.

The decrease in breast cancer incidence was not statistically significant, meaning the findings could have been due to chance. A combined analysis of the results of 51 studies of hormone replacement therapy found any type of hormone replacement therapy, even estrogen alone, increased a woman's risk for breast cancer, according to the NCI. In these combined studies, the majority of women (88 percent) used estrogen alone. The rate of breast cancer increased the longer hormone replacement therapy was taken and with higher doses.

Recommended Use

Premarin is recommended only for women who have had a hysterectomy for relief of menopausal symptoms. It is not recommended only for the prevention of osteoporosis, however. Premarin should be used at the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration possible.

Cautions

Women should not take Premarin if they have a history of breast or uterine cancer. While taking Premarin, women should receive regular exams and they should perform breast self-exams monthly. Premarin use may increase the chance of an abnormal mammogram. Common side effects associated with Premarin include breast swelling, tenderness and pain. Long-term use of Premarin may lead to an increased risk of breast cancer, heart attack and stroke.

Tags: replacement therapy, hormone replacement, associated with, breast cancer, hormone replacement therapy, breast cancer

What Is Medical Sonography Licensing & Certification

Medical sonographers operate ultrasound equipment.

Medical sonography involves the use of equipment that directs sound waves to areas of the body for diagnosis of medical problems. Training usually includes two years of classes that lead to an associate's degree in diagnostic medical sonography. Although no state requires licensing to be a sonographer, employers are more likely to hire medical sonographers who are certified and registered with an accredited credentialing organization.

History

The American Society of Ultrasound Technical Specialists formed in 1970 to represent diagnostic medical sonographers; it was later renamed the Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography (SDMS). In 1973, the U.S. Office of Education created the occupation of sonographer, which created the need to define education requirements for the position. In 1979, the Joint Review Committee on Education in Diagnostic Medical Sonography formed to set education standards for sonographers. SDMS members lobbying for a bill that will require credentials for sonographers expect passage of the bill to set higher standards for sonographers and protect the public.

Identification

Medical sonography licensing and certification involves earning a one-year or two-year certificate, a two-year associate's degree or a four-year bachelor's degree in medical sonography. Classes include training in operating ultrasound equipment, anatomy, physiology, medical ethics, terminology and patient care. After successfully completing the educational requirements, students can apply for registration with an organization that provides credentials. Testing and continuing education are required to remain certified.

Significance

Becoming certified and licensed highlights knowledge, experience and individual accomplishments. These designations ensure patients are comfortable with the expertise and abilities of their sonographer. Certification and licensing improves skills and proves a commitment to higher standards.

Credentialing Organizations

Medical sonography licensing and certification is provided by nonprofit, independent organizations that test and provide credentials to approved applicants. They also require continuing-education credits during a three-year period to remain certified. Organizations that provide licensing and certification include the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS), the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) and Cardiovascular Credentialing International (CCI).

Benefits

Certified diagnostic medical sonographers receive many benefits. Certification sets professionals apart as leaders in their profession. The Bureau of Labor Statistics expects the job market for medical sonographers to increase by 18 percent through 2018 as the aging population increases demand for diagnostic imaging. Sonographers with multiple credentials will be most in demand. They are paid more and gain skills and knowledge that keep them up to date on fast-changing technology.

Tags: Diagnostic Medical Sonography, licensing certification, American Registry, associate degree, diagnostic medical sonographers, higher standards, medical sonographers

Low Income Financial Help For Surgery

There is financial help for low-income patients needing surgery.

An article in the October 14, 2009 issue of Time magazine reported that 46.3 million people in the US had no health insurance. Many people struggle to pay for the medical care they need, including surgery for various conditions.

Medicaid

Some low-income people qualify for Medicaid, a state administered program available in all 50 states. Medicaid covers a variety of medical needs, including surgery.

Children's Health Insurance Program

The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) provides health insurance to uninsured children from low-income families that do not qualify for Medicaid. It covers surgery for children.

Hill-Burton Act

The Hill-Burton Act requires hospitals that received federal money for construction to provide a reasonable amount of free care to patients. Patients must have incomes at or below the poverty limit to qualify.

Discounts from Health Care Providers

Health care providers sometimes offer discounted services to low-income patients. Most hospitals have programs to offer reduced cost care based on a patient's income, and many doctors provide low cost services for some patients. Patients in need should talk to their health care providers.

Private Foundations

Private foundations sometimes help pay for surgery for low-income patients. For instance, the Lions Club helps patients pay for eye surgery. The Brenda Mehling Cancer Fund helps patients with insurance co-pays for cancer treatment, including cancer surgery.

Tags: low-income patients, care providers, Children Health, Children Health Insurance, health insurance, Health Insurance Program

Prepare For A Mammogram

Many women feel anxious about having a mammogram simply because they are unsure of what to expect. However, it's important to prepare for your first mammogram sometime after age 40, or sooner if you have certain risk factors. Leave some of the anxiety behind by learning prepare for a mammogram.

Instructions

1. Consult your physician to discuss the best time to prepare for a mammogram. Your doctor will need to be informed of your medical history (including previous surgeries and hormone therapy, if applicable), any changes in your breasts and if there is any history of breast cancer in your family.

2. Prepare to schedule your mammogram appointment for the week following your period. This will reduce the likelihood of inflammation and breast tenderness.

3. Be prepared to bring any mammogram films previously done to your appointment, especially if they were performed at a different facility.

4. Reduce your risk of experiencing pain before you have your mammogram, especially if breast tenderness is an issue for you. Simply take 1 or 2 tablets of ibuprofen or acetaminophen about an hour before your mammogram appointment.

5. Plan to wear a 2-piece outfit to your mammogram. That way you'll only have to remove your top (note that you'll be given a robe or hospital gown to wear).

6. Avoid wearing deodorant, powder or skin lotion of any kind on the day of your mammogram. Certain metallic constituents of these products can appear on the screening results as spots and cause undue alarm.

7. Be aware that you may eat and drink before having a mammogram, but you should reduce your intake of caffeinated beverages and chocolate 3 to 4 days before your scheduled appointment. While science has yet to prove a correlation between caffeine and breast cysts conclusively, there does seem to be evidence to suggest that caffeine may increase benign breast lumps and lead to more discomfort during compression of the breasts while a mammogram is performed.

8. Continue to take any prescribed medications on the day of your mammogram, unless your physician instructs you otherwise. However, prepare to inform the technician conducting the mammogram of any medications you are taking, including the dosage.

Tags: your mammogram, before your, breast tenderness, having mammogram, mammogram appointment

Bone Tumor Biopsy

Bone cancer destroys bone tissues in the body. The disease can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign cancers are non-life threatening, while malignant tumors metastasize and can be life threatening. One method to diagnose the disease is a bone cancer biopsy.

What Is Bone Cancer?

Bone cancer is a tumor found in the bones. It can be either benign or malignant. A tumor formed in the bones is primary bone cancer. It's metastatic if it spreads to the bones from other parts of the body.

Types

There are two common types of primary bone cancer: osteosarcoma, occurring mostly in the knees and upper arms, and chrondrosarcoma, which occurs mostly in the pelvis.

Causes

Bone cancer can be hereditary. Other individuals at risk for bone cancers are those who have had high doses of radiation treatments or anticancer drug treatments, or have metal implants.

Diagnosis

A series of laboratory and diagnostic tests are usually done prior to the biopsy. These include X-rays, a bone scan, CAT scan, MRI, PET scan and an angiogram.

Function of Bone Cancer Biopsy

A bone cancer biopsy is done to determine the existence of cancer. The procedure involves the removal of tissue samples from the tumor. This can be by a needle or incision biopsy.

Procedure

In the needle biopsy procedure, a small hole is made in the bone using a needle-like instrument, and a tissue sample is removed from the tumor. The incision biopsy is done by making an incision in the tumor and removing tissue samples. Samples are examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.

Tags: biopsy done, bone cancer, bone cancer, bone cancer biopsy, from tumor

The Requirements For A Clia Laboratory Surveyor

CLIA surveyor job descriptions vary from state to state.

In 1988, Medicare unveiled the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA), which require the inspection of all laboratories conducting medical testing for human patients within Medicare participating facilities and programs. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid services contracts with each state's department of health to provide CLIA inspection services. State agencies have each developed their own criteria to select, hire and train their CLIA surveyors. However, despite the fact that job descriptions vary between states, inspectors need to be able to understand and properly judge clinical laboratories. Therefore, certain common requirements have been adopted among states.

Licensing

CLIA surveyors must be lab people themselves. Therefore, most states require surveyors to be licensed clinical laboratory professionals in good standing. California for example, requires surveyors to be licensed as either a clinical laboratory technologist or a public health microbiologist.

Education

Given the license requirements, the minimum education for a CLIA surveyor is usually a minimum of a bachelor's degree and specific training in a clinical laboratory. However, some states aim higher. Wyoming, for example, requires a Ph.D. for its CLIA inspectors.

Experience

A new graduate chemist doesn't have a solid grasp on the workings of a clinical laboratory. Therefore, three years of clinical laboratory experience or supervisory experience are usually a prerequisite for being considered for a CLIA inspector position. Diverse experience is also an asset. Having both general and speciality lab experience as well as management or bioanalyst experiences add to a candidate's strength.

Tags: clinical laboratory, CLIA surveyor, CLIA surveyors, descriptions vary, example requires

Income Eligibility Requirements For Medicaid In Idaho

Children in low and moderate-income Idaho households can get health care through Medicaid.

Health care costs are constantly increasing; and for many Idaho households, paying for quality health care is difficult, if not impossible. Individuals and households that meet the eligibility requirements can receive assistance in accessing and paying for medical care through a variety of Medicaid programs funded by the federal government.

General Eligibility Requirements

To receive Medicaid benefits in Idaho, you must meet certain eligibility requirements. You must be a resident of Idaho and be able to prove your U.S. citizenship. In general, you can only receive Medicaid if you meet the income restrictions and fall into one of the following groups: children under age 19; parents or other related adults with children under age 19; women who are pregnant or have breast or cervical cancer; those over age 65; or those who are blind or disabled according to Social Security Administration criteria. Your income eligibility is determined by adding all of the income that your family earns before taxes each month and comparing it to the income thresholds for each individual program. The value of your assets, such as bank accounts, vehicles and real estate is also considered in determining your eligibility for Medicaid in Idaho.

Family Medicaid

In order to qualify for Family Medicaid in Idaho---meaning that anyone in the household over age 19 is covered in addition to minor children---your monthly gross income must be significantly less than the established federal poverty guidelines for your household size. As of 2011, for example, a family of four must earn less than $382 per month in order to qualify for Family Medicaid. This is just over 20 percent of the federal poverty guidelines.

Coverage for Pregnant Women and Children

If you are seeking Medicaid coverage for your children, or if you are pregnant, the income eligibility guidelines are significantly higher. If you fall into one of these categories, you can earn up to 133 percent of the federal poverty guidelines and qualify for Medicaid. In 2011, a family of four can earn up to $2,444 per month and receive Medicaid coverage for the children or pregnant woman.

Children's Health Insurance Programs

Idaho households with children with an income that is too high for traditional Medicaid benefits can apply for coverage through the State Children's Health Insurance Program. This program offers low or no-cost medical services to children, but parents or guardians pay a $10 monthly premium for the coverage. Your household income determines the co-payments for medical services under the SCHIP plans. As of 2011, families with an income of up to 150 percent of the federal poverty level, or $2,757 per month for a family of four, qualify for SCHIP with no co-payments, and families earning up to 185 percent of the federal poverty guidelines, or $3,400 per month, qualify for SCHIP with co-payments for services.

Tags: federal poverty, federal poverty guidelines, percent federal, percent federal poverty, poverty guidelines, family four, Family Medicaid

Soil Technician Job Description

Soil technicians are science technicians that monitor, regulate and research soil in the United states.

Soil technicians are science technicians that monitor, regulate and research soil in the United states. Soil samples are required in many areas before building a home or business or conducting other disturbing activities below the surface of the earth. A soil technician will come out to a property and take soil samples to be examined in a laboratory or out in the field to determine any unsafe or unique characteristics. Gold prospectors, mining companies and oil surveyors use soil technicians in their prospecting and surveying endeavors.

Job Duties and Responsibilities

Soil technicians are usually considered biological science technicians and can work in many varying types of related fields. Conservation soil biologists will monitor and collect soil samples to determine harmful impacts on the soil that may have damaging effects on plant and animal populations in the area. They will specifically test the soil for non-native soil types, pollution and depletion of minerals due to poor agriculture practices. Before beginning construction on a piece of land some states and counties require soil samples to be taken. Soil technicians take samples in this case to determine the soil type and presence of pollutants. The soil type will determine what type of building approach can be used on this particular plot of land. Oil and mineral scouts will utilize soil technicians during scouting and prospecting missions. Soil technicians will take soil samples and determine if minerals and other characteristics are present that may indicate the presence of a desired element of considerable value.

Education Requirements

Most soil technicians must hold at least an associates degree and at least a year of experience in the field. This experience can be gained by acquiring entry level jobs or internships with government and private agencies that hire soil technicians. To compete for better jobs in this field, individuals should acquire a bachelor's degree and at least a year of experience in the field. A bachelor's degree in geology or environmental science combined with 2 years experience as a soil technician will provide a competitive level of credentials for those interested in advancing in this field.

Other Preferable Skills

Hands-on training is essential for soil technicians. Good physical condition and health is important for this job as it often requires moving and setting up equipment, standing, squatting and digging repeatedly for long periods of time. Science, biology, math and geology courses should be taken in high school and college for individuals interested in pursuing a soil technician job. Computers are often used in this profession, especially personal data devices used to collect habitat and soil information. Soil technicians should be comfortable using computers and should have great communication skills as soil technicians often work with home and business owners in this line of work.

Job Outlook

According to the BLS, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, geological and petroleum technicians held about 15,200 jobs in 2008 and environmental science and protection technicians held about 35,000 jobs. A 2 percent employment growth is expected for geological and petroleum technicians from 2008 to 2018, while the employment of environmental science and protection technicians is expected to grow much faster than average, at a rate of 29 percent.

Job Salary

According to the BLS, geological and petroleum technicians had a median hourly wage in May 2008 of $25.65, while environmental science and protection technicians earned $19.34. In March 2009, the average annual salary in the Federal Government was $39,538 for biological science technicians and $55,527 for physical science technicians. The top paying states to work as a biological technician in 2008 were Massachusetts and Connecticut.

Tags: science technicians, environmental science, environmental science protection, geological petroleum, geological petroleum technicians

What To Ask Your Doctor After A Colonoscopy

Your colonoscopy procedure has been completed, and you are recovering from the sedative. A lot of questions are on your mind about what took place during the procedure and what the doctor may have found while viewing your colon through the colonoscope. Your questions to the doctor about your colonoscopy should be organized and specific. You can prepare them at home ahead of time.

Colonoscopy Results

Ask the doctor if any polyps or abnormal tissue were found during the colonoscopy. If polyps were found, ask how many and if the doctor removed them. Ask if the abnormal tissue was removed and if a biopsy needs to be performed on it to determine if cancer is present.

The Sedative

Ask the doctor how long it will take to fully recover from the sedative you were given and when it will be safe for you to drive again.

Bloating

Ask the doctor how long you will feel bloated and retain gas, and ask if walking might help to ease the discomfort of the gas. Ask if there are any medications he can give you that would assist you in passing the gas at a faster rate, and ask for medication to ease any abdominal pain that lingers after the procedure.

Bleeding

Ask the doctor how long you can expect to see blood in your underwear and in your bowel movements. Ask him how many hours it is safe for you to pass blood before you must call him. Ask if you should call if you pass blood clots. Some bleeding will occur if the doctor took a biopsy, but a large amount of blood could mean the colon wall was perforated or could indicate other health issues that might require immediate medical attention.

Fever

Ask the doctor how high you should allow your temperature to rise before you call him, and ask if it is safe to take medication to lower a fever.

Activities and Follow-Up

Ask the doctor when you might return to work, sports and other day-to-day activities. Ask how soon he would like to see you for a follow-up appointment and how long it will be before another colonoscopy will be scheduled.

Tags: doctor long, long will, abnormal tissue, doctor long will, from sedative, pass blood

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Online Car Insurance

Convenience is one of the top reasons for shopping for auto insurance online, but that convenience also could leave you with several unanswered questions. For instance, consider how you will determine if you have sufficient coverage for your circumstances and whether you're eligible for special discounts if you do most of your shopping online.

Quick Quotes

Shopping for auto insurance online makes it easier and quicker to compare insurers' rates. According to Netquote.com, for example, the site's users can get up to 10 auto insurance price quotes in six minutes. The company matches drivers' online applications with insurance providers, and it provides drivers with rate estimates from those companies. Drivers who like these estimates can have agents contact them about buying a policy, or they can contact agents themselves at their convenience.

Quote Variables

Online companies that gather rate quotes for auto insurance shoppers use online applications to get basic information about shoppers before providing their quotes. However, the estimates you receive may not be suitable for the coverage you need. Insureme.com, for example, says on its website that drivers must check with their state insurance department themselves to find out how much auto insurance their state requires them to carry.

Customer Service

It's difficult to gauge the quality of customer service an insurer provides if you restrict most of your contact with a company to getting quotes online and by phone. It's best to meet with local agents to discuss your insurance needs, and to determine who provides good customer service. An insurer's customer service atmosphere will be particularly important if you have to make a claim, because that's often when drivers need their auto insurer's assistance the most.

Discounts

Insureme.com and other websites provide information on how drivers can maximize auto insurance discounts, but you could miss some discounts if you do all of your auto insurance shopping online. According to Nancy Mann Jackson of Bankrate.com, shoppers usually save more money by asking agents about discounts, even if they already found a low rate online. For example, drivers who are 50 and older may be able to get a discount if they have completed a driver safety program. Parents who want to buy auto insurance for teenagers may get a discount if their teens have a 3.0 grade-point average.

Tags: auto insurance, customer service, auto insurance online, customer service insurer, insurance online

Digital Signage Resources

Digital signage is replacing traditional roadside billboards.

The digital signage industry comprises digital kiosks, menu signs, billboards, digital screens, and other electronic advertising products used to deliver sales pitches and product demonstrations. Resources for the industry provide breaking news, case studies and feature articles on the topic of digital signage. Use digital signage resources to learn more about write digital media content, receive digital signage project assessments and track changes in the digital signage industry.

Digital Signage Today

Part of the Networld Alliance Web site system, Digital Signage Today serves as a leading provider of breaking industry news and information. Digital Signage Today is filled with tips and news about launching a digital signage campaign, planning a digital signage trade show presentation and writing digital content. The website displays digital signage information by conveniently placing news stories, features, case studies and white papers for a particular industry (for example, automotive or gaming) on a single page. Webinars and videos discuss the latest in digital menu and billboard signage.

NetWorld Alliance

13100 Eastpoint Park Blvd.

Louisville, KY 40223

502-241-7545

digitalsignagetoday.com

The Digital Signage Insider

Hosted by Wirespring Technologies, The Digital Insider is an online industry news blog. Its articles are designed to keep the digital signage industry informed about digital signage events, milestones and trends. Recent articles include discussion of digital signage placement and digital signage content. The Digital Insider can be found through the Wirespring Technologies home page. An RSS feed is available.

WireSpring Technologies, Inc.

1901 West Cypress Creek Road, Suite 100

Fort Lauderdale, FL 33309 USA

954-548-3300

wirespring.com

Digital Screenmedia Association

The Digital Screenmedia Association includes members from every area of the digital signage industry including mobile technology, kiosk and self-service venues. The Digital Screenmedia Association provides industry news for free, along with many of its white papers and case studies. Member benefits include best practices guides, a subscription to the "Deployer Quarterly" newsletter and access to private member conferences and events. Visitors with questions about digital signage can take advantage of the website "Help" feature to get direct assistance from a member of the Digital Screenmedia Association.

Digital Screenmedia Association

13100 Eastpoint Park Blvd.

Louisville, KY 40223

502-241-7545

digitalscreenmedia.org

Tags: digital signage, Digital Screenmedia, Digital Screenmedia Association, Screenmedia Association, digital signage industry

United Health Care Dental Provider

United HealthCare offers two different dental insurance plans.

United HealthCare is an insurance company with subsidiaries offering health insurance, including dental insurance, through half a dozen affiliates in all 50 states. They offer temporary and long-term coverage.

United HealthCare's Dental Coverage

United HealthCare covers preventive dental care, including cleanings, X-rays, crowns, root canals, bridgework, dentures and some oral surgery. It does not cover orthodontia, dental implants, jaw treatments, or cosmetic dentistry, among other exclusions.

United HealthCare's Dental Plans

United HealthCare offers two dental plans, Dental Premier and Dental Value. Dental Premier pays a higher share of costs when patients go to dentists outside the program, while Dental Value has lower premiums. Both programs have an annual deductible of $50 per person, with a maximum benefit of $1,000 per person per year.

United HealthCare's Dentists

United HealthCare offers a network of more than 73,000 dentists around the U.S.. Their online, dentist locator connects insured patients with general dentists and specialists in their communities, and provides directions to dentists' offices. People insured with United Healthcare are also allowed to nominate dentists to join the United HealthCare network.

Tags: United HealthCare, HealthCare offers, United HealthCare offers, dental insurance, Dental Premier

Breast Cancer Lymph Node Therapy

When breast cancer advances beyond Stage I, there may be lymph node involvement. Lymph node involvement means there's cancer in the lymph nodes. The lymph nodes are part of the lymphatic system, which also includes the spleen and bone marrow. The lymphatic system carries lymph fluid and helps transport excess liquid, fatty acids and immune system cells throughout the body. The lymph nodes are usually the first place that cancer spreads to, and lymph node involvement can make it more difficult to cure the cancer. There are three categories of lymph node involvement: microscopic, gross and extra-capsular extension.

Sentinel Lymph Node Dissection

Traditional breast cancer treatment involved a procedure called axillary lymph node detection. This procedure involved the removal of approximately 10 lymph nodes during a mastectomy or lumpectomy to check for the presence of cancer cells. This procedure had many potential side effects, including permanently limiting mobility in the arm on the side of the body with the affected lymph nodes.

Sentinel lymph node dissection has replaced axillary lymph node dissection as the procedure of choice for many women with smaller, less aggressive forms of breast cancer. Sentinel lymph node dissection involves removal of the lymph node closest to the breast, along with removal of the two lymph nodes nearest that lymph node. These three lymph nodes are most likely to be the first lymph nodes to which the cancer spreads. If there is no cancer present in these lymph nodes, it is likely that the cancer has not spread to any other lymph nodes.

If cancer is discovered in the lymph nodes during a sentinel lymph node dissection, then either an axillary dissection or radiation or both may be recommended.

Axillary Dissection

Axillary lymph nodes are the lymph nodes normally affected by breast cancer. They are located under the arm, by the pectoralis muscle. In an axillary dissection, two levels of axillary lymph nodes are usually removed: those at the lower end of the pectoralis minor muscle (level 1) and those under the pectoralis minor muscle (level 2). Between five and thirty lymph nodes are usually removed as part of the operation.

An axillary dissection may be done as part of a mastectomy (surgery to remove the breast) as part of a lumpectomy (surgery to remove part of the breast that has cancer in it) or as an independent surgical procedure.

Radiation

If cancer is present in lymph nodes, and/or if all the cancer can't be removed with an axillary dissection, radiation therapy may be prescribed. Radiation is often used in conjunction with chemotherapy and surgery, but it can be used alone as well. External beam radiation is the most common type of radiation used to treat lymph node involvement with breast cancer. This means a machine is used to point external rays of light at the lymph nodes that contain cancer cells in an attempt to kill the cancer cells in the lymph nodes.

Tags: lymph nodes, lymph node, breast cancer, node involvement, axillary dissection, lymph node, lymph node involvement

Perform A Monthly Checkup On Your Car

The days of the full service gas station are gone, and modern cars can go 30,000 miles or more without a tune-up - so it's up to you to check under the hood periodically. This simple monthly check will alert you to potential problems that can be dealt with before you get stranded or end up paying for expensive repairs. The following steps in this monthly checklist are detailed in subsequent eHows.

Instructions

1. Check the oil. Add oil if necessary.

2. Check the coolant level. Add antifreeze and water if necessary.

3. Check the brake fluid level. Add brake fluid if necessary.

4. Check the power steering fluid level (if applicable to your car). Add if necessary.

5. Check the clutch reservoir (if applicable to your car). Add brake fluid if low.

6. Check the automatic transmission fluid (if applicable to your car). Add ATF if low.

7. Check the windshield washer fluid reservoir. Fill as needed.

8. Check the belts for cracks, age and proper tension.

9. Check the hoses for leakage, cracks or other signs of age.

10. Visually inspect the engine for any leaks.

11. Look under the car for any indication of leaks from the engine.

12. Check the tire pressure on all the tires, including the spare.

13. Visually inspect the tires for uneven wear, or nails or other sharp objects lodged in the tread.

14. Check the dash lights for proper operation.

15. Start the engine and listen with the hood up (after doing this a few times you will learn what sounds "normal" for your car).

Tags: necessary Check, applicable your, brake fluid, fluid level, Visually inspect

Decide What To Write On A Card To Someone Who Has Cancer

When trying to decide what to write on a card to someone who has cancer, people often become uncomfortable and can't think of anything to say. However, if you follow these steps, you will most likely have a much easier time trying to decide what to write on a card to someone who has cancer. This article will help you to make sure that you avoid the common mistakes people often make when writing these types of notes.

Instructions

1. Focus on the nature of your relationship with the person when deciding what to write on a card to someone who has cancer. If you are sending the card to your librarian who you barely know, you might not want to say things like "I will always be there for you," as you would with a family member. Conversely, if you are sending the card to a family member with cancer, you will want to be sure not to sound too removed and casual; you might want to focus on your enduring love for the person.

2. Focus on positives when deciding what to write on a card to someone who has cancer. Your job is to help keep the cancer patient's spirits up, so never use phases like "if you do pass away," in the card. You should stick to phrases such as, "I can't wait to start taking our Sunday walks again when you get better." These types of phases will help give the cancer patient something to look forward to and help them muster the strength they will need to keep fighting the cancer.

3. Offer to help out in any way that you can. Even if you only have a casual relationship with the person, these offers will help the cancer patient to feel that they have a network of support behind them as they keep fighting to get better. When deciding what to write on a card to someone who has cancer, these types of offers to help out will seem natural no matter what your relationship is to the cancer patient.

Tags: card someone cancer, what write, cancer patient, what write card, card someone, deciding what

Check Your Breasts

After a bath or shower is a good time to examine your breasts.

Breast self-exams allow a woman to become familiar with the look and feel of her breasts. This makes her more cognizant of any changes in her breasts that could indicate health problems such as cancer. The American Cancer Society recommends women begin performing self breast exams once they reach the age of 20. There is a simple technique you can use when you are ready to begin regular examinations of your breasts, and you can use it to examine your breasts every month.

Instructions

1. Stand topless in front of the mirror. Square your shoulders with the mirror and place your hands on your hips.

2. Visually inspect your breasts. Look for changes in shape, color or size as well as swelling or distortion.

3. Raise your arms above your head and look for the changes again. Examine your nipples for fluid leakage.

4. Lie down on your back and place your left arm behind your head. Hold the index and middle fingers of the right-hand flat and together. Place the two fingers at the top left corner of the left breast near your collarbone.

5. Using the pads of the two fingers, firmly touch the breast to feel for lumps. Move the fingers in smooth small circles about the size of a quarter. Continue moving the fingers vertically down the side of the breast until you reach the bottom left corner.

6. Slide the fingers over to the next unexamined portion on the right. Use the same circular motion to travel back up the breast to the collar bone.

7. Slide your fingers to the right again and travel back down the breast. Continue moving up and down the breast until you have checked the entire breast from top to bottom and right to left. Lower your left arm when you are done.

8. Place your right arm behind your head. Use your left hand and the same motions to examine your right breast.

9. Sit or stand up. Lift your left arm straight over your head. Use your right hand and the same technique you used while lying to examine the entire left breast again. Repeat the exam on your right breast as well.

Tags: your breasts, your head, your left, your right, behind your, behind your head

Why Should Singulair Be Taken At Night

Singulair, or montelukast, is an orally administered drug that alleviates the symptoms and attacks associated with seasonal allergies and asthma. This drug is effective when used long-term to treat these conditions, though it should not be used during a sudden or acute flare-up. After many clinical studies, the makers of Singulair have determined that this drug is best taken at night when the airways are more relaxed and breathing is more controlled.

Effectiveness

According to the Prescribing Information Sheet that the maker of Singulair, Merck & Co., filed with the Food and Drug Administration, the drug was found to be the most effective when the pharmaceutical company ran clinical trials in the evening. This extended to 4, 5 and 10-mg doses, all of which were found to be effective when administered in the evening, regardless of when or whether the individual had eaten in the previous 3 or 4 hours. These clinical trials also found that there is no need to alter this dosing time or method based on age, race or gender, meaning that every affected demographic can benefit from taking Singulair at night. The maker further emphasized this dosing time by noting in the Prescribing Information Sheet that "one 5-mg chewable tablet daily at bedtime, significantly decreased the percent of days asthma exacerbations occurred."

Routine

Many doctors recommend and many patients find that it's easiest to remember to take one's medication if it's taken at the same time every day. Therefore, it is common for people to take daily medication if they can combine it with their daily routines, such as getting ready for work or getting ready for bed. Because Singulair is said to work better in the evenings, it is a good idea to take this drug before you go to bed. You can make this even easier to remember by combining this act with another common act often associated with bedtime, such as brushing your teeth or showering.

Seasonal Allergies or Asthma

There is one instance in which doctors do not encourage patients to take Singulair at night. This is when the drug is used to treat exercise-induced asthma. Being that the drug is trying to stave off an asthma attack that is caused by physical activity, it is best to take this drug at least 2 hours before one engages in the exercise to ensure that it can be effective. Note that those who use Singulair for exercise-induced asthma should not exceed more than one dose in 24 hours. This means that the patient would not take a nightly dose of Singulair after engaging in their physical activity.

Tags: effective when, associated with, clinical trials, dosing time, exercise-induced asthma

What Is Breast Thermography

Pink rose bouquet in support of breast cancer research

According to the American Cancer Society, breast cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in women. Therefore, any means available to detect breast disease is a welcome addition to medical science.

Definition of Breast Thermography

Breast thermography is a physiological, non-invasive test that checks for structural and temperature changes in breast tissue. The American College of Clinical Thermology states that subtle types of these changes can indicate early stage breast disease.

History of Breast Thermography

Breast thermography was first approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1983 as an adjunct means to detecting breast disease.

Performance of Breast Thermography

During the procedure, the patient's uncovered breasts, chest and area under the arms are imaged with an infrared imaging camera. The images of the breast tissue are then graded into any one of five thermobiological categories, ranging from normal uniform breast tissue to several abnormal breast tissue categories.

Benefits of Breast Thermography

As stated by the International Academy of Clinical Thermology, one primary benefit of breast thermography is that it is able to get a clear picture of breast tissue condition without the use of radiation, as is the case during a standard mammogram.

Expert Insight

According to William Cockburn, D.C., D.A.B.F.E., F.I.A.C.T, breast thermography can allow women as young as 18 years of age to get baseline views of their breast tissue. This baseline view enables a physician to compare any suspicious tissue changes in following years.

Tags: breast tissue, breast disease, breast cancer, Breast Thermography, Breast Thermography Breast

Home Remedies For Sore Breasts From Breastfeeding

Home Remedies for Sore Breasts from Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding is a wonderful time between a mother and baby and the health benefits of breast milk for the baby are well documented. It's not uncommon for most mothers to experience some form of soreness in the breasts or nipples, especially during the first few weeks of breastfeeding. There are some home remedies mothers can try to ease the discomfort.

Position

Much nipple soreness is due to incorrect position for nursing. Make sure the baby's mouth is completely opened-as in a yawn-and center the nipple in the baby's mouth making sure that most of the areola is in the baby's mouth and not just the nipple. Correct nursing positions generally eases any discomfort within a few days.

Benefits of Air and Light

Air drying nipples reduces chapping of the nipples due to constant exposure to moisture. Rather than drying the nipples with a cloth, leave the flaps of the nursing bra open until the nipples are dry. In "The Doctors Book of Home Remedies for Children" Dr. Fleiss recommends using a hair dryer set on low heat to dry breasts. Dr. Fleiss also suggests exposing the breasts to sunlight for a few minutes.

Natural Ointment

Nipple dermatitis--when the nipple is red, feels hot and is slightly swollen--could be a reaction to something that was applied to the nipple, such as lanolin or Vitamin E ointments. "Breastfeeding Basics" recommends rubbing the breast milk into the nipple as an ointment and allowing it to air dry, as breast milk has antibacterial properties.

Compresses

Warmth eases the discomfort many mothers experience due to engorgement. Lay a heating pad set on low on top of the breasts. If you don't have a heating pad, apply a towel warmed in the microwave to the breasts. Sitting in a warm tub oftentimes will cause the mother's milk to let down and ease the pain. When cold feels better than heat, mothers can try a chilled towel or Soothies, which are gel pads that are stored in the refrigerator and worn between feedings.

Warning

If the soreness in the breasts or nipples persists, contact your doctor, as there could be a medical problem. Sometimes the mother's nipple may crack and the baby may ingest some blood, which might show up in the baby's stool or spit up. Although this is not harmful, anytime you see blood in the baby's stool or spit up, contact your pediatrician.

Tags: baby mouth, breast milk, Home Remedies, baby stool, baby stool spit

The Reliability Of Oncotype Dx

The Oncotype DX assay helps breast cancer patients make informed treatment decisions.

Estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers are fueled by estrogen and treated with therapies that block the hormone. Some women also receive chemotherapy to reduce the likelihood of cancer recurrence. The Oncotype DX assay is a diagnostic test that can help women with early-stage, ER+ breast cancer and their physicians determine the likelihood of cancer relapse and whether or not chemotherapy treatment is warranted.

Function

The Oncotype DX assay uses a tumor tissue sample to analyze genetic activity and predict how a cancer may grow and respond to treatment. Analysis provides a recurrence score, a number between 0 and 100 that corresponds to the likelihood of cancer recurrence. Low scores indicate low risk and suggest that chemotherapy may not be necessary.

Expert Insight

According to the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, many tests and several clinical trials support the validity and reliability of Oncotype DX. It claims the test is more accurate than traditional methods for predicting breast cancer relapse in some women. The American Society for Clinical Oncology and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network now include the test in their treatment guidelines for early-stage breast cancer.

Limitations

As of 2010, Oncotype DX testing is recommended only for women with ER+ cancers that have not spread beyond the breast to the lymph nodes, and possibly post-menopausal women with ER+, node-positive breast cancer. The behavior of cancers with intermediate-risk recurrence scores remains unclear.

Tags: breast cancer, likelihood cancer, Oncotype assay, women with, cancer recurrence, cancer relapse, early-stage breast

Radiation Technician Schools

Radiologic technicians often work with x-ray technology.

Radiologic technicians, also referred to as radiographers, create digital and x-ray images of a medical patient's body as a part of the diagnosis process. Professionals may work in a hospital, private practice facility or other medical center during their careers, which will often include a specialty. Concentrations in the field include mammography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Becoming trained in the field typically requires a two year education, which can be completed at a number of schools across the country.

New York City School of Technology

New York City School of Technology offers a two-year program in radiology and medical imaging. The degree comprises both academic coursework and clinical internships, for a total of 65 credits. Courses required of all students include radiographic procedures, cross-sectional anatomy, imaging modalities and radiographic pathology. Students complete a total of five clinical internships throughout the program, the first of which must begin during a fall semester. Pre-requisites to the clinical portion of the program include the successful completion of general education courses in mathematics and human anatomy.

New York City School of Technology

300 Jay St.

Brooklyn, NY 11201

718-260-5500

citytech.cuny.edu

Concorde Career Colleges

Concorde Career Colleges has campuses in eight locations across the United States, including in California, Texas and Florida. The school has an associate's degree program in radiologic technology that can be completed in as little as 20 months at some campuses. Topics of study include medical terminology, x-ray development, radiographic procedures and anatomy. Students also receive instruction on perform CPR and position patients receiving radiologic procedures.

Concorde Career Colleges

600 East Lamar Blvd., Suite 200

Arlington, TX 76011

800-852-8434

concorde.edu

MedVance Institute

MedVance Institute offers healthcare related academic programs at more than 10 campuses across the southern United States. Students can achieve an associate's degree in radiologic technology at campuses in Louisiana, Texas and Florida. The program emphasizes patient care, x-ray positioning, standard radiology practices and physics. Students receive a comprehensive education in radiology that prepares them for an entry-level position or education in specialized areas such as ultrasonography and computed tomology (CT). The program also prepares graduates to take the national certification exam.

MedVance Institute

9255 Interline Ave.

Baton Rouge, LA 70809

877-606-3382

medvance.edu

Tags: York City School, Career Colleges, City School, City School Technology, Concorde Career, Concorde Career Colleges

Types Of Tools Used In 14th Century Astronomy

14th century astronomy relied on the astrolabe and other complex tools.

Astronomy in the 14th century was still based on the theories of the ancient astronomer Ptolemy as described in his classic work "The Almagest." The primary use of astronomy was to calculate the correct dates for holy days such as Easter, or the proper time for planting crops. Because the theories of Ptolemy were not sufficient for these important tasks, astronomers used several observational tools to help them with their work.

The Astrolabe

The Whipple Museum of the History of Science preserves an English astrolabe from the 14th century. The astrolabe looks like a brass circle with various designs on the surface. It is set to be used at 52 degrees latitude, most likely in the city of London. It has 41 pointers with the names of different stars, and there is a set of concentric circles on the back for calculations of saint's days and other festivals. The astrolabe could also be used to measure buildings or tell the time of day.

The Astrolabe Quadrant

The astrolabe quadrant was a kind of portable astrolabe. It was only a quarter of a circle rather than a full circle as on an astrolabe proper. The British Museum is in possession of a 14th century astrolabe quadrant -- one of only eight known examples of medieval astrolabe quadrants known to survive.

Celestial and Armillary Spheres

Medieval astronomers also used various tools to model the heavens and the stars as they understood them. A celestial sphere was a three-dimensional model of the Ptolemaic universe in the form of a globe showing the constellations and the stars. The armillary sphere was a set of rings representing the equator, meridians and other important circles found in a celestial sphere.

The Torquetum

The torquetum was a complicated tool of medieval astronomy, made out of flat disks set at different angles to each other. The torquetum could be used to make measurements relating to the equator, the horizon and the ecliptic, and to make conversions between different astronomical observations. It functioned as a kind of analog computer.

Tags: 14th century, 14th century astrolabe, also used, celestial sphere, century astrolabe

What Is A Bilateral Agency

In the complex world of international relations, many governmental and non-governmental organizations operate to help facilitate policies, encourage trade, coordinate finances and enable the flow of development assistance. Some of these institutions have a multilateral focus, a few are trilateral, while a large number of international organizations are bilateral agencies that focus attention on interactions between two countries.

Agency

An agency is typically an organization constituted by a government or formally recognized by governments. Examples in the U.S. include the Central Intelligence Agency and the Environmental Protection Agency. Internationally, agencies include the groups such as the International Atomic Energy Agency. However, the term is also applied more generally as a reference to any type of organization or institution, such as the common reference to an "advertising agency" or "adoption agency."

Bilateral Agency

The term bilateral means "two sided" and refers to organizations that operate directly between two well-defined parties, typically, two countries. A bilateral agency may restrict its interactions to only two countries. However, a bilateral agency can also be a vehicle through which one country interacts with numerous other countries on a one-to-one basis.

Examples

The Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) is a bilateral agency for focusing Denmark's development assistance to countries in need. Even though DANIDA interacts with many countries, the agency is bilateral since two countries -- Denmark and the country receiving aid -- are the primary parties involved in deciding aid targets. Other bilateral agencies include the German Development Bank and the Turkish-U.S. Business Council.

Trilateral and Multilateral Organizations

Other international organizations extend beyond a strictly bilateral focus. For example, labor and environmental agencies established under the North American Free Trade Agreement are trilateral as they include the U.S., Canada and Mexico in all dialogue and decision-making. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund are multilateral agencies, as many countries are involved in deciding the priorities and activities of these international organizations.

Tags: international organizations, agencies include, bilateral agencies, bilateral agency, development assistance, interacts with

How Long Does It Take A Torn Muscle To Heal

Muscle strains range in severity from a mild tear to a more severe injury requiring surgery. The recovery time for muscle tears varies based on the injury. Recovery for torn muscles also varies depending on which muscle is damaged, and the care the tear receives following the injury.

Severity of Tears & Pulls

A torn muscle is a tear in the muscle fibers of the tendons. This injury often damages blood vessels and causes bruising. In bad tears, the bruising is deep and extensive. Severe tears are accompanied by lack of muscle function in the affected area.

Muscle strains are diagnosed based on severity. The greater the number of fibers that are torn, the more severe the diagnosis of the injury. A first degree strain is mild and damages a few muscle fibers. This is the fastest to heal. A second degree strain damages more fibers. A third degree strain is a complete rupture of the muscle and may require surgery.

Types of Tears

Two types of tears exist. Distraction ruptures occur when the demands made of the muscle are too great for its strength and are often the result of a quick movement or change of direction. The second type---compression tears---are the result of direct impact, such as a collision. This force can cause bruising, tearing or severe muscle spasms.

Recovery Time

For first and second degree tears and sprains, expect recovery to take from 2 to 6 weeks if the muscle is treated quickly after the injury. Second-degree tears can take longer to heal based on severity.

For more serious third-degree tears of muscles like biceps and hamstrings, complete recovery can take up to 6 months after surgery.

Recovery

To expedite your recovery, it's essential to stop exercising as soon as the injury occurs. Begin treatment immediately. Trying to power through the pain will only delay the recovery process.

Sports doctors advise completely resting the area. If you've torn a muscle in your lower body and the injury is severe, you'll be advised to use crutches or a splint to protect the area from additional damage. If the tear is bad, physical therapy will be part of the recovery process.

Likelihood of a Muscle Tear

If you've torn a muscle in the past, you're susceptible to relive that painful experience. By doing too much too soon or having poor overall conditioning, you increase your risk for tearing a muscle. Factors that can increase your likelihood of a strain or severe tear include tightness in any of your muscles, imbalance of the muscle, poor muscular conditioning and overall weakness, lack of proper warmup, and muscle fatigue caused by exercise or poor conditioning.

Tags: degree strain, based severity, increase your, more severe, muscle fibers, Muscle strains, recovery process

Homemade Thermal Imaging Cameras

Thermal images contrast the heat absorbed by the trees with the cool of the air.

High-end thermal cameras can cost thousands of dollars. Part of the additional cost is the internal computer that calculates the various degrees of heat and puts that information into a colored code. But all they do is take pictures of everyday objects using the infrared portion of the spectrum. It isn't difficult or expensive to make your own thermal camera. While it won't represent the world in crazy colors, it will take pictures in very low light and show the heat emanating from objects in your environment.

Instructions

1. Unscrew the digital camera. Open the camera to expose the inner workings. Carefully lay both sides flat on the work surface.

2. Find the lens assembly. It is located under the lens opening in the case. So when you open the case it will be opposite the lens opening.

3. Gently pry the lens assembly from its spot. Use a screw driver or the rounded edge of a butter knife.

4. Find the CCD chip. CCD, short for Charge Coupled Device, is responsible for moving a charge to a device that can use it. In the case of the camera, the CCD converts the light energy into a digital value. Sitting on top of the CCD, is a red piece of plastic. Gently remove this plastic piece without damaging the chip.

5. Cut two pieces of the opaque plastic the same size as the red piece. Be careful to handle these by their edges so that your pictures won't have fingerprints.

6. Glue these pieces to the top of the CCD chip.

7. Replace the lens assembly and close the camera.

8. Test your new thermal imaging camera.

Tags: lens assembly, lens opening, take pictures, your thermal

Skin Irritation Caused By Cardboard Mites

Skin irritation caused by cardboard mites can be painful and bothersome for the animals and their human companions. It is important to understand more about the skin irritation so that you can know where it comes from, what it means and treat it. The faster you are able to get rid of the irritation, the better for you and for your pet.

What Are Mites and Where Do They Come From?

Cardboard mites are small insects similar to fleas that are found in dogs and cats. They breed copiously and sting and bite often. They are also difficult to get rid of. Cats and dogs and other animals get mites from unclean living situations, poor food and water or lack of vet care. They can also get cardboard mites from other animals or from being outside where the mites might be. Skin irritation is caused by the mites burrowing into the animal's skin and biting and scratching it. Mites can also be passed to humans via contact with an animal that has them. On humans, the mites act just as any other insect would, biting, scratching and irritating the skin.

What Irritation Looks Like

On animals, the skin will appear to be read and flaky under the fur. The fur might become matted itself. The animal will itch the area quite often and shake his fur to try to get the source of the irritation to leave him alone. On people, skin irritation caused by cardboard mites appears like a rash or a series of bug bugs. The bite itself or the rash that comes around it might be red, itchy or swollen. The skin around the irritation looks dry and patchy to the eye.

How It Feels

It is important to know what the irritation looks like, but the irritation itself might be different in some people. A condition that looks like a mite irritation might be simply dry skin, a fever rash or another condition. Therefore, it is important to know how the irritation feels---if you couple the look and the feeling together, you can get a for sure diagnosis.

Cardboard mite skin irritation is bothersome. To the animal, it feels itchy almost constantly. Humans will experience the same itchiness, but are better able to explain it as a burning, itching, bothersome feeling in the affected areas. A mite infestation causes skin irritation, so your skin might also feel itchy or crawly in other places.

Cure

Skin irritation from cardboard mites can be cured in two ways. The first is to remove the source of the irritation. This means washing and cleaning an animal's fur, giving him a treatment to rid the fleas and mites and changing bedding and living quarters to be clean and mite free. It also means providing your pet with a change of diet and fresh water and food. After the changes have been made, any remaining mites should die off.

A vet can also prescribe medication that will kill mites and keep them from returning. This is a typical flea and tick medicine that is taken by mouth and kills the mites found on the skin. It is only available with a vet's prescription.

In people, treat skin irritation from mites as regular bug bites. Make sure that you are no longer exposed to the mites, and clean your body. Wash the clothes you were wearing in several cycles of hot water, or throw them away if they are too infested. Then use triple antibiotic ointment on the mite irritation. It should resolve itself within a couple of days.

Prevention

Prevent mites in animals by keeping the animals in places with clean bedding, fresh water and a healthy living environment. Do not let an animal without mites interact with animals who have them or with animals that you believe might have mites. To prevent mites in humans, wear gloves whenever handling animals with mites. Wash your hands after exposure to any animals.

I answered your questions. I left what it looks like and how it feels as two different sections, but I added to the how it feels section to make it apparent that the section and description is important.

Thanks!

Tags: skin irritation, Skin irritation, biting scratching, cardboard mites, cardboard mites, caused cardboard, fresh water

Diagnostic Medical Sonographer Trade Schools In Dallas

Diagnostic Medical Sonographer Trade Schools in Dallas

A Diagnostic Medical Sonographer uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the structure of soft tissue such as the pregnant uterus, kidneys, gall bladder and other organs per physician order. There are currently two Diagnostic Medical Sonographer programs in Dallas, Texas, that are accredited by the Commission for the Accreditation of Allied Health Programs.

El Centro College

El Centro College offers an Advanced Technical Certificate and an Associate degree option to become a Diagnostic Medical Sonographer. Applications are accepted by December 31st of each year. Ten students are accepted each June based on admission as a full-time student to El Centro College, a personal interview, recommendation letters, an information session attendance, HESI scores and the Imaging Core Curriculum GPA.

After completion of the certificate or associate degree option, graduates may take the national certification exam provided by the American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers. Classes are held five days a week during daytime hours. Classes are focused on pathology, medical ethics, patient positioning, medical terminology, imaging principles, ultrasound physics, patient care procedures, clinical experience related to anatomy and physiology, skills lab and lectures.

El Centro College Considerations

Applicants to the Certificate option should have at least a current Associate's Degree in an allied health field or a bachelor degree with a science discipline. Applicants must have completed two of the three following courses prior to acceptance: College Algebra, Composition I and either Introduction to Speech Communication or Fundamentals of Public Speaking.

Applicants for the Associate's degree must have completed Composition I, College Algebra and Anatomy and Physiology I or Applied Human Anatomy and Physiology I.

Approximate cost for the Associate's degree program for in-county residents is $6,367.39.

The address and telephone number for El Centro College is:

801 Main Street

Dallas, TX 75202

Telephone 214-860-2000

Sanford Brown Institute

Sanford Brown Institute offers a Certificate program. Requirements for admission to the Diagnostic Medical Sonography program include a high school diploma or GED, personal interview, a minimum score of 165 on the CPAt entrance exam including a minimum numerical score of 44 and completion of 48 semester credit hours of postsecondary education.

After completing the 70 semester hour credits of the certificate option, graduates may take the national certification exam provided by the American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers. Classes are focused on on-campus lecture and skills lab as well as off-campus clinical experience. The Sanford Brown Institute offers day and evening classes.

Sanford Brown Institute Considerations

Applicants must have completed a minimum of six semester credits in math, chemistry and human biology. According to the Sanford Brown Institute 2008-2009 catalog, approximate cost for the Diagnostic Medical Sonography program is $37,413.

The address and telephone number for Sanford Brown Institute is:

Diagnostic Medical Sonographer Program

1250 West Mockingbird Lane

Suite 150

Dallas, TX 75247

1(888) 317-6333

Salary

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average annual salary for a Diagnostic Medical Sonographer was between $48, 890 and $67,670. Most sonographers are employed by hospitals, but jobs are available in doctor offices, diagnostic and medical laboratories and mobile imaging services. Diagnostic Medical Sonographers can specialize in obstetrics and gynecologic sonography, abdominal sonography, neurosonography, breast sonography, vascular sonography and cardiac sonography.

Tags: Diagnostic Medical, Diagnostic Medical Sonographer, Medical Sonographer, Brown Institute, Sanford Brown, Sanford Brown Institute