What Is The Entrylevel Job In The Field Of Radiology

Radiology technologist is the entry-level position for a clinical radiology career.

There are two basic paths to entering the field of radiology. On the clinical side, radiology technologists handle the day-to-day technical aspects of taking patient X-rays as ordered by physicians. They also, through advanced training, are responsible for other imaging techniques that utilize technology other than radiation, such as magnetic resonance imaging --- MRI --- and ultrasound. A non-clinical option to entering the radiology field is becoming a radiology clerk, who is responsible for filing, retrieval and documentation of medical images such as X-ray films and microfilm.

Radiology File Clerk

Depending on the facility in which a radiology clerk works, he may be responsible for a variety of duties, including receptionist tasks like answering phones, greeting patients and performing administrative functions. However, the main duty of a radiology clerk is filing and cataloging images. X-ray films must be cataloged and stored, and radiology clerks perform these duties. They also may handle filing of other imaging methods such as MRI and CT scans, although many of these images are stored only on a computer database. A high school diploma generally is the only prerequisite for becoming a radiology clerk, and the experience can provide a solid foundation for further study and advancement as a radiology technologist.

Radiology Technologist

Radiology technologists often are called radiology technicians, although, technically, a radiology technician is someone who repairs radiology equipment. Many colleges that offer radiology tech training refer to their programs as "technician" programs. A radiology tech in the clinical sense means a radiology technologist, who is trained to take X-rays of patients per doctor orders and produce films for a physician's review. They prepare patients for X-rays and position patients to ensure that the resulting film provides doctors with the desired images. Advanced training prepares radiology techs to perform procedures such as computed tomography, or CT, scans, fluoroscopies and mammographies. Non-radiation imaging methods also can be performed by radiology techs, including ultrasound and MRI.

Education & Training

Radiology technologists typically earn an associate degree in radiology technology prior to entering the work force. Certificate and diploma programs also are available, and some radiology techs earn bachelor's degrees. Employers generally prefer a minimum of an associate degree, although many hospitals and other health-care facilities will provide additional training for those who possess a radiology technologist certificate. Employers look for techs who completed their education through programs accredited by the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology. Although certification isn't mandatory, employers take into account such credentials. The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists provides certification exams, and each state has its own licensing or certification requirements.

Salary

Hospitals are the largest employers of radiology technologists, providing work for 214,700 rad techs in 2008, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Hospital radiology techs made a median salary of $52,890 and the national median pay rate for all radiology technicians was $52,210. The middle 50th percentile salary range was $42,710 to $63,010, with a 10th percentile salary of $35,100 and a 90th percentile figure of $74,970. Medical and diagnostic laboratories paid the highest median radiology tech salary, at $55,210.

Outlook

The Bureau of Labor Statistics forecasts a job-growth rate of 17 percent for radiology techs through 2018. Hospitals will continue to be the major employers of rad techs, but an increasing number of private companies and physician offices are providing imaging services. Issues in health care insurance regarding reimbursable imaging procedures could impact the radiology technologist job market.

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Prevent Infection During Chemotherapy

When using chemotherapy to fight cancer, your body may experience a range of side effects, including nausea, diarrhea, hair loss and anemia. A weakened immune system also increases the odds of infection. Follow these steps to reduce the chance of infection during chemotherapy.

Instructions

1. Understand that any patient undergoing chemotherapy is typically at greater risk for infection. However, certain chemotherapy drugs and courses of treatment may bring greater risk of infection than others. Work with your doctor to assess your individual risk and to determine the level of precaution you should take to prevent infections.

2. Alter your lifestyle to strengthen your body. Eating a balanced diet rich in vitamins, minerals, and protein, avoid alcohol and rest frequently.

3. Blood tests can monitor your white blood cell count, which indicates whether your body is trying to fight off anything other than the chemotherapy.

4. Avoid anyone with a cold, flu or virus. It's also wise to avoid crowded or traditionally germ filled areas such as schools and public transportation systems.

5. Wash your hands frequently, particularly after touching people or animals or handling any dirty objects. Wear gloves when gardening and take care when using kitchen knives, scissors or other sharp implements.

6. Brush your teeth carefully and regularly to help prevent infections in the throat and mouth.

7. Talk with your doctor immediately if you notice symptoms of an infection. These include but are not limited to sweating, redness, blisters, swelling, fever, chills, urinary problems, a bad cough and sinus pain. Getting prompt treat for infections is extremely important.

8. Visit the National Cancer Institute's Web site (see Resources below) for additional information on infections and prevent them.

Tags: your body, greater risk, greater risk infection, prevent infections, risk infection, with your, with your doctor

Foods With High Iodine Content

Seaweed is a rich source of iodine.

Iodine is a non-metallic trace mineral essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. In the body, about 70 to 80 percent of iodine is in the thyroid gland, located in the neck. Iodine deficiency is rare in the United States because the mineral is added to table salt, which is known as iodized salt. Certain signs point to an iodine deficiency, including goiter, weight gain, depression and fatigue. Concentrated food sources with a high iodine content can help supply sufficient iodine to the diet.

Seaweed

When it comes to food, most iodine is found in the ocean. Seaweed, also known as sea vegetables, has a large proportion of iodine and is a primary source of the nutrient. Brown algae has the highest amounts of iodine; the next-highest amounts come from dry brown kelp and dry rockweed, respectively. While red and green algae are lower in iodine, they are high in comparison to foods grown on land. A small amount of seaweed can meet the recommended daily adult requirements for iodine.

Seafoods

Animals known collectively as seafood also absorb a large amount of iodine from the ocean. Shellfish, shrimp and white deep-water fish like cod are all good sources of the mineral. Canned tuna, in oil, also contains a high amount of iodine.

Poultry and Dairy

Among poultry choices, baked turkey breast is the richest in iodine. A large boiled egg, low-fat yogurt, part-skim mozzarella cheese and 2 percent cow's milk also contain high levels of iodine.

Beans/Seeds/Vegetables

Iodine exists in soil, but the content may vary because soil erosion can leach away this and other minerals. Beans and seeds highest in iodine content include lima beans, soybeans, cooked navy beans and sesame seeds. Vegetables highest in iodine include spinach, Swiss chard, turnip greens, summer squash and white potatoes with the peel. The herb highest in iodine is garlic.

Other Foods

Strawberries are the fruit richest in iodine. Additionally, bakeries sometimes add iodine to bread dough for its use as a stabilizing agent. This additive makes bread an additional rich source of iodine.

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List Of Kansas Law Schools

Kansas law schools offer unique programming and national rankings.

Law school prepares students to become lawyers by earning a Juris Doctorate (JD) in a concentrated area such as family, environmental or civil law. Law schools may also offer dual degree programs leading to the Juris Doctorate and a master's degree in another discipline to prepare graduates for alternative careers in law. Kansas is home to nationally ranked law schools and unique law concentration options, such as elder or estate planning law.

University of Kansas

The University of Kansas (KU) in Lawrence was ranked in the top tier of the best colleges category by U.S News & World Report in 2010. Additionally, National Jurist Magazine named KU a 'best value.' The School of Law offers degree and certificate options in environmental, business, elder, public, international, tax, tribal and media law. Eleven joint degrees are offered in areas such as journalism, social welfare, economics and global nations studies. KU incorporates 12 different clinic options into the curriculum, giving students the ability to perform externships in settings like criminal prosecution, family health care or immigration. KU provides flexible summer programs and accelerated programs for students interested in early graduation.

University of Kansas

School of Law

1535 W. 15th Street

Lawrence, KS 66045

785-864-4550

ku.edu

Washburn University

Located in Topeka, Kansas, Washburn University (WU) was ranked among the top ten best colleges in the Midwest by U.S News & World Report. It offers more than 200 programs resulting in certificates, undergraduate degrees and graduate degrees. WU's School of Law offers the Juris Doctorate with seven concentration certificate options including family, advocacy, international, business, estate planning, natural resources or tax law. Dual degree programs awarding the MSW (Master of Social Work) or MBA (Master of Business Administration) are also available. WU focuses on technology by providing facilities with advanced equipment like videoconferencing and laptop computer labs.

Washburn University School of Law

1700 SW College Ave.

Topeka, KS 66621

785-670-1060

washburnlaw.edu

Wichita State University

Wichita State University (WSU) maintains a focus in diversity, with 1,200 international students from 110 countries. WSU consists of seven colleges and four satellite campuses. Research is a vital part of the WSU curriculum, with 30 centers focused on areas such as aviation, information science and business. The Department of Philosophy within WSU's College of Liberal Arts offers a concentration in prelaw, preparing students for application to law schools. According to the department's website, every student majoring in philosophy that has applied to law school has been accepted. Students have also earned the highest LSAT scores in comparison to other majors at WSU.

Wichita State University

1845 Fairmount St.

Wichita, Kansas 67260

316-978-3456

witchita.edu

Tags: Juris Doctorate, State University, University Kansas, Washburn University, Wichita State

Radiology Manager Careers

Radiology is also known as medical imaging.

A radiology manager, also known as a medical imaging manager, is responsible for making sure a radiology department runs smoothly, whether in a hospital or a private clinic. This job requires advanced education, leadership and management skills, as well as knowledge on budgeting and human resources.

Managing a Radiology Department

One of the most traditional options for radiology management involves the day-to-day management of a radiology department at either a hospital or a clinic. This position involves tasks such as interpreting x-rays, supervising the radiologists and other staff, managing budgets, paperwork, office meetings and hiring.

Education

Some radiology managers also pursue opportunities in education, teaching radiology courses either at colleges and universities or for radiology continuing education. Radiology managers can also educate the radiologists they manage. In any case, radiology managers who choose to teach need to be able to present complicated information in an easy-to-understand fashion, answer questions and share their knowledge about the world of medical imaging.

Compliance

Another opportunity for radiology managers involves the role of compliance. In this position, radiology managers ensure that radiology departments are following all required safety and health measures and professional standards. They check on equipment and practices of care to determine if a radiology group is adhering to standards and rules.

Tags: radiology managers, medical imaging, also known, also known medical, clinic This

How Much Do Rns Make On Average

How Much Do RNs Make on Average?

RN (registered nurse) salaries vary depending on a variety of factors, including place and type of employment and geographical location. Because there are different ways to earn a degree as a nurse, potential students should also consider their educational options before starting a degree program in this field.

Experience

Recent RN graduates will more than likely land an entry-level position, often as part of a team or under the guidance of an experienced nurse. During the first five years of practice, when those conditions are commonplace, salaries average about $60,483. Those who stay in the same position can expect a noticeable salary increase after year six, when salaries often reach $65,459. After a few years of experience, however, it is more likely that nurses will earn promotions or move to senior-level administrative positions, where salaries start at an average of $67,449.

Types

Salary ranges in nursing vary significantly depending on the type of degree obtained: Bachelor (four years), Associate (two years) or Diploma (2-3 years). Because Diploma programs can only be obtained through teaching hospitals, many students start working even before graduation. RNs with a bachelor's degree can expect higher salaries and more opportunities for advancement (average salaries are $57,280 and up), while those with an associate's degree often work in entry-level positions and it may take them longer to reach the higher end of the pay scale (average salaries are $40,250).

Considerations

According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the hourly rate for a RN is around $24. While most nurses get paid fixed salaries when working in hospitals or clinics, some settings (like schools and non-profit) sometimes work with hourly rates. These rates go up or down depending on location, experience or additional education. For example, RNs working in geriatric units earn an average of $22.79 per hour, while those working in operating rooms average $26.46.

Geography

RNs' earnings vary considerably from one state to the next, depending mainly on how in demand the profession is in that specific area. Some of the highest salaries are in Southern States, which seem to have less RNs due to the influx of recent graduates to the big cities in New York or California. In Georgia, for example, the average salary for an RN is $75,000, while a professional with the same educational background and experience will earn $62,701 in New York. One of the lowest median salaries for RNs is in Ohio, where nurses earn an average of $58,455 a year.

Settings

Most RNs work in a hospital setting, although salaries also vary depending on whether this is a private clinic ($63,516) or a state hospital ($64,037). Those working in the educational or non-profit sectors can expect to earn on the lower end of the pay scale (as low as $35,972 in elementary schools or $52,925 in colleges or universities). Self-employed RNs usually earn on the higher end of the pay scale and just below hospital nurses, averaging $60,500 per year.

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Xray Repair Technician Training

X-Ray repair technicians can receive training through community colleges and four-year universities.

X-ray repair technicians troubleshoot X-ray devices when they are not working properly, fix them and maintain them to operate efficiently. Their training includes understanding how the equipment works, as well as test X-ray machines using voltmeters, laboratory testing tools, read measurements with instrumentation, and interpret and analyze graph results. X-ray repair technicians also may install equipment into hospitals and offices. There are several options to pursue X-ray repair technician training.

Identification

X-ray technicians, also known as radiology technicians or radiographers, not only operate X-ray equipment, but also deal with patients in explaining procedures and results. X-ray technicians may also prepare patients by positioning them correctly for the X-ray, and they may repair and maintain equipment as well. X-ray repair technicians deal primarily with repairing and installing X-ray equipment as a biomedical equipment technician (BMET). A BMET also is trained in repairing other medical equipment as well. Training for X-ray repair technicians may involve learning repair X-ray machines only, or may involve learning repair other medical equipment in addition to X-ray machines as a BMET.

Topics

Topics include anatomy and physiology, radiation protection, medical terminology, radiobiology, pathology, radiation physics, patient care, biology, medical ethics, principles of imaging, operate an X-ray device, and repair and maintain X-ray equipment, use voltmeters, interpret results on graphs, analyze problems and readings in instrumentation, and troubleshoot common malfunctions.

Time Frame

It can take as little as one year to become an X-ray technician, or if pursuing an associate degree, it normally takes two years as a full-time student. If pursuing a bachelor's degree, it can take four years to complete.

Providers

Training programs are provided by engineering and technical schools, or two-year community colleges and four-year universities. You can earn an associates degree or a bachelor's of science in biomedical equipment engineering technology, which covers not only X-ray repair, but a wide variety of medical equipment, including body scanners, heart monitors, pacemakers and ventilators.

Certification

A certified biomedical equipment technician is someone who has earned a degree to repair X-rays and other medical equipment. In addition, you can earn additional certification as a certified radiology equipment specialist and as a certified laboratory equipment specialist. These are additional certifications to advance your X-ray repair training and credentials.

Tags: X-ray repair, repair technicians, medical equipment, biomedical equipment, other medical

Breastfeed After Breast Reduction

Contrary to popular belief, breastfeeding is possible after breast reduction surgery in most cases. With more than 50% of all breast reduction surgery patients able to breastfeed (and specialists estimate the number is considerably higher), expectant mothers who have experienced breast reduction surgery may find themselves needing to learn breastfeed after breast reduction.

Instructions

Breastfeed After Breast Reduction

1. Call your breast reduction surgeon and ask him or her which method they used for the reduction. Some surgical techniques lead to higher breastfeeding success rates. Knowing which surgical technique was used is important information you can pass on to breastfeeding professionals.

2. Contact a lactation consultant. Most hospitals with maternity wards have part- or full-time lactation consultants on staff. Ask your midwife or obstetrician for a referral to a lactation consultant of you cannot find one easily. La Leche League is another great resource for breastfeeding in general. No matter which source you turn to, be certain the breastfeeding expert you choose has experience helping mothers wishing to breastfeed after breast reduction.

3. Take fenugreek capsules and eat one to three servings of oats each day after birth. Both are galactogogues, or substances that encourage breastmilk production.

4. Hook up an electric breastpump and empty the breast entirely after the baby is done feeding. If you cannot afford an electric breastpump, consider renting one from a hospital lactation consultant's office. Some health insurance policies will cover the charge. Some Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) offices will provide electric breastpumps as well.

5. Store the pumped breastmilk in your refrigerator and use within 24 hours. If you do not produce enough breastmilk to meet your babies needs and supplement with formula, pour the pumped breastmilk into the baby's next formula bottle.

6. Do not give up! If you can produce even a small amount of breastmilk, it makes a difference for your baby and for your health.

Tags: breast reduction, breast reduction surgery, lactation consultant, reduction surgery, after breast, After Breast

What Psa Level Would Call For A Biopsy

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing is used to detect potential prostate cancer. Heightened levels in a PSA test may lead to the performance of a biopsy, a tissue-sampling procedure that can definitively determine if cancer is present.

The Facts

PSA is a type of protein created by cells inside the prostate gland. Normally, men have a low amount of PSA in their bloodstream, but cancerous and noncancerous conditions can cause levels of the protein to rise.

PSA Testing

Doctors check PSA levels with a blood test. In healthy men, normal PSA amounts are generally considered to be less than 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml) of blood.

Interpreting Results

According to the peer-reviewed service Lab Tests Online, there is no clear consensus on how high a PSA level must be before a biopsy is ordered. However, there is a consensus that readings of greater than 10 ng/ml indicate a serious increase in cancer risk.

Results That May Lead to Biopsy

PSA readings between 4 ng/ml and 10 ng/ml present a somewhat higher risk of prostate cancer and other noncancerous prostate disorders. Doctors may order a biopsy for results in this range or higher.

Considerations

Prostate cancer can also occur in individuals with normal PSA levels. Cancer may be more aggressive in these cases.

Tags: prostate cancer

The Side Effects Of Horsetail

Horsetail (equisetum arvense), also called bottle brush and shavegrass, may have some beneficial properties. However, some serious cautions regarding side effects and drug interactions pertain. Horsetail contains phytochemicals and nutrients. Horsetail's diuretic and astringent properties may alleviate symptoms of conditions such as arthritis and urinary conditions. Few studies substantiate uses for horsetail. Always seek a physician's advice before using horsetail.

Standard Side Effects

Never use horsetail if pregnant or nursing. The selenium in horsetail may cause birth defects in the fetuses of pregnant women who take horsetail. Horsetail is a diuretic, which has a dehydrating effect. Horsetail contains nicotine. Smokers should not take horsetail. High concentrations of nicotine may cause symptoms of nicotine overdose, including fever, poor circulation, increased heart rate, and trouble walking. Never use horsetail for longer than a month.

Serious Side Effects

Some alternative medicinal uses for horsetail can be serious and "life-threatening." Studies suggest that horsetail can affect the kidneys, causing potassium levels to drop. Low potassium has a negative effect on the heart. People who take ACE inhibitors should not use horsetail. The interaction of horsetail with the drug can cause potassium to accumulate.

Interactions

The Canadian Health Protection Branch requires that manufacturers affirm in labeling that products do not have the enzyme thiaminase. Crude horsetail contains this enzyme, which destroys thiamine. EVitamins lists four categories of medications with which horsetail can negatively interact. These categories include loop diuretics, spironolactone, thiazide diuretics, and triamterene. People who use these medications should avoid using horsetail, because its diuretic property can adversely interact with them.

Benefits

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescribes horsetail for rheumatoid arthritis and conjunctivitis. Horsetail acts as a diuretic, which stimulates the urinary tract. Horsetail can be combined with other herbs to treat prostate conditions. However, many health professionals believe that horsetail is no longer considered safe to use. No claims about horsetail are substantiated.

Forms

Horsetail can be taken as an infusion, decoction, or in powdered or tincture forms. To use horsetail, add horsetail tincture to water and drink it as infusion. Refer to packaging for precise amounts. You can also add the infusion to bath water.

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What Is A Microscope Slide Used For

What Is a Microscope Slide Used for?

Microscope slides are important tools for examining specimens under a microscope. Understanding how a slide works and handling a microscope slide correctly is an important skill for every scientist.

Function

A microscope slide is used to prepare and hold a specimen for examination under a microscope.

Types

The two main types of microscope slides are flat and concave. Flat slides are used most of the time. Concave slides are used for larger specimens and when examining pond water.

Cover Slips

Cover slips are usually used with microscope slides. Cover slips hold the specimen in place and prevent the lens of the microscope from coming into direct contact with the specimen.

Considerations

Be sure to hold the microscope slide by the edges to avoid getting fingerprints on the slide, which may hinder the examination.

Fun Fact

When preserved correctly, specimens sealed under a cover slip onto a microscope slide can stay viable for examination under a microscope for years.

Tags: under microscope, examination under, examination under microscope, hold specimen, microscope slide, microscope slide

Make A Breast Cancer Ribbon

Show your support all year or during Breast Cancer Awareness Month in October by making and wearing your own breast cancer ribbon. Millions of people wear the small pink ribbon to honor loved ones who have survived or fallen victim to the disease. The ribbon also shows your desire for greater awareness of breast cancer, as well as your support of the medical developments taking place to eradicate it.

Instructions

1. Cut each end of the ribbon at a 45-degree angle. Make sure the angles point in opposite directions so when the ribbon is laid out horizontally it has one shorter side.

2. Lay the ribbon on a flat surface with the shorter side on top.

3. Take the left side and fold it across the center of the ribbon, then angle it so it points downward.

4. Hold the left side in place and fold the right side in the same way, across the midpoint and down.

5. Place a dot of glue in the center of the ribbon to secure the ends in place. Let dry completely.

6. Attach a small safety pin to wear the ribbon on your lapel.

Tags: center ribbon, left side, shorter side, your support

Chaldea'S Inventions

The Chaldeans were part of an ancient civilization that included at various times the Babylonians, the Mesopotamians (of which Babylon was the center) and some later Sumerians. Eventually the name became synonymous with "astronomer" because of the presence of court astronomers in Babylon and their fascination with the study of the heavens. The Chaldeans experienced a golden age under King Nebuchadnezzer, though his expansionist choices eventually led to the destruction of the Chaldean empire in 539 B.C. During this golden age, however, the Chaldeans developed technology that would later be expanded upon in Greece and Rome.

Seven-Day Calendar

It is difficult to pinpoint just when the seven-day calendar came about, but the Chaldeans tend to get the credit, partly because their rather primitive astronomical studies did succeed in predicting the speed at which planets and the moon moved through the sky. These astronomical studies led them to create a lunar calendar based on those movements. This was one of the earliest recorded seven-day calendars based on how the planets moved.

The Hanging Gardens

The Chaldeans are also credited with creating one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. King Nebuchadnezzar, a Chaldean monarch, ordered that the gardens be built on multiple terraces so that his wife would no longer feel homesick for her lush homelands. Babylon was a rather arid place and the Chaldeans had to invent a chain pump to transport water from the Euphrates to the top of the Hanging Gardens. The water then cascaded through the terraces along channels that formed artificial streams.

Seeder Plow

The Chaldean astronomers of Mesopotamia also made their contribution to the craft of farming, and in so doing made agriculture a more viable, sustainable option than ever before. The astronomers watched the skies to determine measure time and then used that knowledge to determine when to plant. It was also believed that the constellations provided inspiration for the seeder plow, which allowed farmers to seed and plough at the same time, cutting farming time in half.

Sundial

The Chaldean astronomer Berosus is generally given credit with inventing the first hemicyclium sundial. This early sundial was in the shape of a cube with a hemispherical opening, which gives it its name. It divided the day into 12 "temporary" hours that varied with the seasons. This Chaldean invention is known to have had widespread use throughout the Greek and Roman empires and was also found throughout the Muslim world centuries later.

Math Theory and Practical Applications

While the Chaldeans didn't invent math, they did make several important contributions to it. It was in Mesopotamia that the wheel made its first appearance along with the mathematical concept of a circle. The Mesopotamians were the first to conceive of the number zero. It is believed that Pythagoras based the development of the Pythagorean theorem on Chaldean numerology. Their mathematical and astronomical studies also led to architectural discoveries such as the arch, columns and the dome.

Tags: astronomical studies, Hanging Gardens, believed that

Spot Problems On An Xray

Spot Problems on an X-Ray

Doctors use X-Rays to help diagnose health problems. X-Rays are an easy, painless procedure for patients, and they confirm whether bones and tissues are healthy. If you take home copies of your X-Ray pictures, you might find yourself confused on read them. There are some common signs of problems even the amateur eye can spot on X-Ray film.

Instructions

1. Understand how X-Rays work. When X-Ray beams hit a piece of film, they produce a picture. Bones absorb much of the X-Rays and look white on film. Muscles and organs absorb less of the X-Rays and appear as different shades of gray. Any space not occupied by tissue or bone appears black.

2. Hold the X-Ray against a window or other area with bright light. Light makes the picture more transparent and darker areas easier to see.

3. Inspect chest X-Rays for pockets of air, fluid or foreign objects. Foreign objects are easy to spot on the picture because they stand out. Fluid in the lungs does not contrast on an X-Ray. Look for areas where it is hard to see the boundaries of the lungs when you look for fluid. Large areas of air that block tissue or organs will appear black.

4. Check for calcium deposits in breast X-Rays. Calcium deposits show up as white spots. The white spots can be in a tight or loose cluster.

5. Look for uneven or gray areas on bone X-Rays. These areas signify a problem such as a break or fracture. Clean breaks show a part of the bone jutting out or misaligned. Hairline fractures look like fine gray lines that run the length of the fracture.

6. Talk to your doctor if you think you spot a problem they missed or have concerns. If you are not satisfied with your first reading, get a second reading done by another radiologist.

Tags: Spot Problems, white spots

Identify Breast Cancer In Men

Breast cancer is typified by the uncontrolled growth and multiplication of cells lining the breasts. It is one of the most common cancer forms affecting women, but men can also develop the condition. The National Cancer Institute reports that close to 2000 men are diagnosed with breast cancer every year in the United States. Approximately 400 men succumb to the condition each year. As there is no complete cure for breast cancer, early diagnosis is essential to increase life expectancy by controlling the spread of the cancer.

Instructions

Detecting Breast Cancer in Men

1. Have a digital mammogram. Digital mammography is one of the common diagnostic techniques used to detect breast cancer in men. In a digital mammogram, a doctor examines a computerized X-ray of the chest region to check for any abnormal cell growth or lumps in the breast. If any abnormal mass is detected, a small sample of the tissue will be sent to a lab for further examination.

2. Have an ultrasound screening. Ultrasound, also referred to as sonography, involves using high-frequency sound waves to outline a portion of the body. In a breast ultrasound, the chest region is first lubricated with a gel, and then an instrument known as transducer is placed on the gel. This instrument emits sound waves which are then converted by the computer into black and white images. By examining these images, a doctor is able to detect any abnormal lesions or lumps in the breast.

3. Allow a doctor to examine your nipples if you notice any discharge. The doctor will examine the discharge under a microscope for the presence of any cancerous cells.

4. Submit to a biopsy to confirm the results of any of the above mentioned tests. In a biopsy, a small portion of the breast tissue is taken and examined in a lab for the presence of any cancerous cells. A biopsy will definitively prove the presence or absence of breast cancer.

Tags: breast cancer, cancerous cells, chest region, digital mammogram, lumps breast, presence cancerous

Will I Qualify For Medicaid If I Don'T Have A Job

Medicaid is a federal program administered through each state to help individuals and families who have low income afford to pay for medical care. If you aren't earning a paycheck, then there is a good chance you will be considered low income. Medicaid offers a large range of services, such as dental care, preventative care, transportation to medical appointments and mental health care. Some of the health services provided by Medicaid require a small co-payment.

Qualifying While Unemployed

You may qualify for Medicaid if you are below the income limits in the state where you reside, have high medical bills or receive Supplemental Security Income. If you are unemployed and receiving unemployment compensation, there is a good chance you could meet your state's income eligibility requirements. However, you will also have to have few financial resources, which could happen if you have exhausted much of your savings while unemployed.

Applying

You can apply for Medicaid by phone, letter or with a visit to your local department of social services office. You will need proof of age, citizenship and income. You will also want to bring your most-recent unemployment check stubs and proof of any other income you may be receiving. You should also bring proof of your residence and of health insurance (if you have it).

Income Requirement

Each state will have its own income levels to determine if you are eligible for Medicaid. There are two sets of income figures: one for low-income individuals and families and one for families that have someone who is blind, disabled or over 65 years old in it. The larger your family is, the greater the chance will be that your unemployment will be below your state's income limit.

Other Requirements

Meeting the income and resources requirements is only part of how you show eligibility. You must also be either a pregnant women, have children under 18 years old or have someone in your household who is over 65 years old, blind or disabled. This will limit the number of unemployed workers who are eligible for Medicaid while unemployed.

Tags: blind disabled, chance will, eligible Medicaid, good chance, have income

Definition Of Basal Cell Cancer

Basal cell carcinoma is the most common cancer, and about 1 million Americans are diagnosed each year. It affects the skin but can spread if not treated. It is also one of the more curable cancers, if detected early.

Causes

Though older people are more susceptible to basal cell carcinoma, anyone who has a lot of exposure to the sun is at risk. People with light hair and fair skin are more likely to develop it.

Warning Signs

Discolored growths, red patches and shiny bumps are all warning signs of basal cell carcinoma.

Other Signs

A sore that continues to open up and bleed without any signs of healing is also a sign of basal cell carcinoma.

Treatment

Usually surgery is enough to remove basal cell carcinoma, but sometimes radiation is needed in more aggressive cases. There is also a topical medicine that cures the condition.

Prevention/Solution

Avoiding the sun at peak times, using sun lotion and discontinuing use of tanning beds are good ways to avoid basal cell carcinoma.

Tags: cell carcinoma, basal cell, basal cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma

Volunteer For The Preparation Of A Parade Float

Volunteer for preparing a parade float by contacting the organization in charge.

Parade floats can be constructed of thousands of beautiful flowers, pounds of paper mache and hundreds of sparkling decorations. Building these floats often consists of many hours of volunteer contributions before the start of the parade. If you and your family are interested in volunteering for a particular float or organization, there are many opportunities depending on where you live and how much time you have available.

Instructions

1. Find out which organizations create the floats in your local parade. Often, these groups and companies have their names listed on the sides of the floats. Contact the organization to obtain the contact information for the group that you wish to work with.

2. Contact the group of your choice and ask them if they need volunteers to help them build for any upcoming parade floats. Ask them for the location of where they expect to build. Be sure to also ask them when you should arrive to begin building.

3. Set aside the time in your schedule that will allow you to attend at least one of the building sessions. This may require you to take off work, get a babysitter for your children or book a plane flight if the parade is out of town.

4. Bring any tools that the organization requests to the building site. Some groups completely rely on volunteers for building supplies, tools and manpower. Accommodate as best as you can, but do not feel the need to contribute more than you can.

5. Volunteer to walk with the parade float on the day of the parade. You will likely see how people react to your design contributions.

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Benign Skin Tumors In Dogs

Tumors are not always cancerous in dogs.

Dogs may develop many different types of tumors on the skin. While this is always a cause for concern, tumors are not always cancerous in dogs. Benign tumors are common in dogs, but it may be difficult for the average pet owner to distinguish a benign tumor from a malignant one. If your dog has any tumors anywhere on his skin, be sure to consult your veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment.

Identification

A tumor is any lump or growth on the skin. This may include an abscess, a wart or a hematoma on the dog's body. A benign tumor is non-cancerous and a malignant tumor is cancerous. Malignant tumors will grow larger over the course of time, as opposed to a benign tumor that may simply swell.

Types

A cyst is a benign tumor that may erupt on the dog's skin. Cysts are very common in dogs, and can appear anywhere on the dog's body. A sebaceous cyst is filled with a thick cheesy liquid called keratin. Sebaceous cysts are benign, but they should be drained by a veterinarian to avoid an infection. Papillomas may look like a skin tag and are common in dogs. Papillomas may require removal if they become irritated or begin to bleed.Some tumors are more common in male dogs than in female dogs. Male dogs may develop perianal gland tumors that develop in the anal area. These are benign tumors but may be painful for the dog and carry the risk of infection.

Cancer Symptoms

Malignant tumors may look similar to benign tumors to the untrained eye. If your dog has a tumor and has any of the following symptoms, consult your veterinarian immediately. Symptoms of cancer in dogs may include abnormal skin growths that continue to grow, sores that do not heal, difficulty eating, difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing, difficulty urinating and difficulty defecating. If your dog has a loss of appetite, weight loss, a lack of energy, persistent stiffness, tumors in the breast area, lumps in the lymph nodes or a visible difference in the size of the testicles consult your veterinarian for an examination of the tumor.

Diagnosis

In order to determine whether a skin tumor is benign or malignant, a veterinarian may take a sample of cells to examine them under a microscope. If abnormal cells are present, a biopsy of the tumor may be done. If the cells appear normal, the tumor is determined to be benign.

Treatment

If your dog's skin tumor is found to be benign, the veterinarian will recommend the treatment plan based on the type of tumor your dog has. Some tumors may be fine left alone, and others may need to be removed surgically.

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The Salary Of A Medical Radiologic Technologist

A radiologic technologist can create an image of any part of the body.

William Rontgen received the Nobel Prize in 1901 for discovering X-rays. His basic technique to create images of internal structures of the human body would be subsequently developed so that it has become a crucial element in the medical diagnosis of disease and injury. A radiologic technologist is the medical practitioner who is responsible for operating X-ray equipment and, sometimes, other imaging technology.

Duties

A radiologic technologist confers with physicians and radiologists to determine the images required. She explains the procedure to the patient, positions them for the X-ray, ensuring risk is minimized, and takes the images. She subsequently develops these pictures, either transferring them to acetate or to video screen, for medical staff to view. She must ensure that all procedures are carried out in accordance with radiation protection standards, maintain comprehensive records, and maintain all equipment.

Average Salary

A survey undertaken by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in May 2009 reported that the average yearly salary for a radiologic technologist working in the United States was $54,180. This means a monthly income of $4,568 or an average hourly pay rate of $26.05. The BLS also recorded that the average wage among the top 10 percent of earners within the occupation was $75,440, and $35,700 among the bottom 10 percent.

Salary by Industry

The Bureau of Labor Statistics also demonstrated how salary levels for radiologic technologists may vary across different sectors of the health-care industry. It listed the average wage within medical and diagnostic laboratories as $57,250, slightly ahead of those offered by federal government agencies -- $56,140. General medical and surgical hospitals offered an average of $54,770, outpatient care centers were listed at $52,950 and positions within the private offices of physicians averaged $50,860.

Salary by State

Geographical location is also an important factor in determining salary levels, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics' survey. Across all industry sectors it found that Massachusetts offered the highest pay rates -- $68,530, followed by Nevada at $66,420, Maryland at $65,820, and Hawaii at $63,470. Kentucky and South Dakota were listed with comparable levels of pay -- $45,840 and $44,970 respectively -- while West Virginia offered just $41,400.

Salary by City

Wage comparison website SalaryExpert.com showed average salaries for radiologic technologists in some of the bigger cities across the United States. Taking into account wages across industry sectors, it listed New York as the city with the highest average wages at $75,554, followed by Dallas at $70,946 and Chicago at $70,137. Locations in Florida were among the lowest-paying cities, with Miami paying an average of $60,422 per year while Orlando was listed at just $52,711.

Training

The American Society of Radiologic Technologists, the first professional society for radiology professionals, was started in October 1929 under the name American Association of Radiological Technicians. The society was formed to create standards in education for the radiology field, and still does so today. A candidate wishing to become a radiologic technologist should attend an ASRT-accredited training program, which usually lasts two years and includes classroom, laboratory and practical learning, before sitting a state licensing examination. She may also wish to apply for certification by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists. This is a voluntary certification but it is looked upon favorably by employers as it demonstrates a high level of knowledge.

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What Is The Purpose Of Health Insurance

What Is the Purpose of Health Insurance?

Health insurance is a highly coveted benefit that is typically offered by an employer. Even if you are in relatively good health and rarely incur medical costs, having health insurance provides peace of mind and enables you to afford the medical care that you may need in the future. Also, for those in poor health, health insurance reduces the costs for regular doctor visits and daily medications.

Significance

Health insurance serves a number of purposes. Financially, it reduces the cost of medical care. For example, instead of paying over $100 for a visit to your doctor, you may only have to pay a tenth of that. As a result of the reduced financial burden, individuals may see doctors more regularly. For example, they may have an annual physical exam which might otherwise be avoided due to the cost. Also, not having health insurance can be rather worrisome. Certain activities may be avoided out of fear of getting injured.

Function

Health insurance companies are paid a specified amount, either quarterly or monthly. This fee is called a premium. Premiums are paid in advance for future coverage. Upon arrival to see a doctor, you are typically asked for a copy of your health insurance card. The purpose of this is to verify that you are covered and determine the financial responsibility of the patient. Patients with health insurance typically pay a co-payment upfront. Once services are provided, the charges are listed on a standard claim form and submitted to the insurer for payment.

Features

What is covered and what is not covered under a health insurance contract varies. Coverage for certain things, such as prescriptions or durable medical equipment (DME), can be added to a contract as riders. This would increase the premium. Also, some services may be subject to a deductible. A deductible is the amount of money that you have to pay out-of-pocket before your insurance company makes any payments. Ambulatory procedures, for example, may require you to pay a few hundred dollars upfront.

Considerations

Although health insurance serves to protect individuals from incurring large medical bills, patients do have some restrictions in their coverage. For instance, medical care may have to be provided by a doctor that is in the insurance company's network of providers in order for your claim to be paid. Also, your insurer might withhold payment for procedures that were not pre-approved to be performed, such as surgery. Benefits for physical or mental health therapy might be limited to a certain number of visits; once the benefit limit is met, the insurer will no longer pay for additional visits.

Warning

Living without health insurance can be extremely anxiety-ridden. Worrying about becoming ill or injured can be stressful. Not only is there a greater financial burden for medical care placed on the uninsured, but they are often required to pay up-front in order to receive care. Also, nobody is immune to illness or injuries. An accident can happen at any time and result in numerous medical bills. If these bills are not paid, collection agencies may become involved and lawyers may file suit.

Tags: health insurance, medical care, financial burden, having health, having health insurance, health insurance, insurance company

Inflammatory Breast Cancer Survival

Inflammatory breast cancer is a very rare form of breast cancer--only 1 to 5% of breast cancer cases are of this type. This is fortunate, as inflammatory breast cancer is comparatively deadly. Inflammatory breast cancer doesn't develop as a lump, like the vast majority of breast tumors do. Instead, it spreads throughout the breast, blocking the lymph vessels and causing swelling and changes in breast color.

Survival Rates

Five-year survival rates for inflammatory breast cancer hover around 40%, according to the National Cancer Institute. This means that 40% of women diagnosed with inflammatory breast cancer will live for five years past diagnosis. This rate is much lower than five-year survival rates for the much more common non-inflammatory breast cancer, which are around 87%. It's important to remember that these five-year survival rates are averages, and that individual factors play a part in every case.

Explanation

Why does inflammatory breast cancer does have lower survival rates than "traditional" breast cancer? First, inflammatory breast cancer is more difficult to diagnose, and second, it's much more invasive (meaning that it spreads more easily through the body) than non-inflammatory breast cancer. In fact, the least advanced inflammatory breast cancer is diagnosed at stage IIIB, meaning that it has spread tissue around the breast (normally, cancers can be diagnosed at stage I, meaning that they haven't spread past one body part).

Prevention

One of the reasons that inflammatory breast cancer is so deadly is that most women just don't know about it, so it's important to know the symptoms in advance. Symptoms of inflammatory breast cancer include pain and tenderness, a thick or heavy feeling in the breast, itching, warmth, and sudden breast enlargement. The skin on the breast might change, becoming ridged or pitted (similar in appearance to an orange peel). The breast may also change color, turning pink, red, or purple, or it might look bruised. The nipples may also turn inward, change color, or crust over. Lymph nodes near the breast--in the armpit or along the collar bone--may become hard and swollen.

Tags: breast cancer, breast cancer, inflammatory breast, inflammatory breast cancer, inflammatory breast cancer

What To Expect On The Cna Clinical Exam

After completing coursework to become a certified nursing assistant (CNA), you must successfully complete a state-administered exam with written and clinical (hands-on) sections. Nursing assistant students often are nervous about the clinical portion because of the direct observation by an examiner. Knowing what to expect can help.

Features

The clinical portion takes 20 to 30 minutes, and you might be asked to demonstrate up to five specific skills. You might need to bring a volunteer to act as your patient.

Important Tip

Before you perform the first nursing skill in the clinical exam, demonstrate proper hand washing, even if the examiner does not ask you to do so. This demonstration is essential, according to the Nursing Assistant Center website.

Fundamentals

Examiners expect the nursing assistant to focus on the patient's dignity and safety. You might be asked to demonstrate privacy consideration, for instance, in which you'll knock on the patient's door and pull a privacy curtain closed.

Technical Skills

The examiner might ask you to demonstrate technical skills such as providing a bedpan, repositioning a patient in bed, grooming the patient and taking vital signs such as blood pressure, pulse or temperature. You'll be expected to show respect for the patient at all times.

Considerations

Before the exam, practice the skills you've learned numerous times. It's the best way to be sure you'll pass the CNA clinical exam.

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Orphan Diseases & The Fda

Orphan Diseases & the FDA

An orphan disease is a disease that affects only a small number of people. When a disease does not affect a large number of people, there is less funding to find treatments for that condition. In 1983, Congress passed the Orphan Drug Act to address this concern. Drugs that treat an orphan disease are called orphan drugs. The FDA is responsible for implementing the Orphan Drug Act and the Office of Orphan Products Development handles the grant program.

What is an Orphan Disease?

According to "Orphan Products," an orphan disease is a rare disease or condition that affects less than 200,000 people in the United States. This includes conditions such as Lou Gehrig's disease, Tourette's and acromegaly, more commonly known as gigantism. Most, but not all, orphan diseases are caused by a genetic abnormality or defect. Due to the rarity of these diseases, it is often very difficult for patients to receive an accurate diagnosis.

The Orphan Drug Act

The Orphan Drug Act was passed in 1983. This act gave financial incentives to companies to research, develop and market orphan drugs for rare diseases. According to "The Orphan Drug Act: Implementation and Impact," pharmaceutical companies developing orphan drugs are eligible to receive grant money for clinical trials as well as up to fifty percent of the cost of human clinical trials. The company will also have exclusive marketing rights for seven years.

Effectiveness of the Orphan Drug Act

Since the implementation of the Orphan Drug Act, the number of orphan drugs approved by the FDA has increased substantially. According to "Orphan Products: Hope for People With Rare Diseases," in the ten years prior to the implementation of the Orphan Drug Act, only 10 new medications were approved by the FDA. Since 1983, over 250 new orphan drugs have been approved and are on the market for patients with rare diseases.

Grant Program

The FDA's Office of Orphan Products Development (OOPD) is responsible for reviewing all grant applications under the Orphan Drug Act. According to "FDA's Office of Orphan Products," approximately $14.2 million in grant money is available. The OOPD also gathers information on orphan drugs and new drugs still in the testing phase and distributes that to patients to help them plan their treatment and inform them of new clinical studies.

Downside of the Orphan Drug Act

The downside of the Orphan Drug Act is that it has created a monopoly for certain pharmaceutical companies. Because the Act gives the company exclusive marketing rights for seven years, there is no competition to regulate the pricing of the drugs. For example, according to "The Orphan Drug Act: Implementation and Impact," one orphan drug, Alglucerase, can cost up to $300,000 per year. Although in many cases the pricing is similar to non-orphan drugs, due to the exclusivity factor, patients do not have the option to purchase a generic version of the drug.

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What Is Aflac Insurance

AFLAC uses a duck as its corporate symbol.

Famed for its commercials featuring a comical personification of a duck, the insurance company AFLAC has established itself as a major contender in both domestic and international insurance industries. A number of businesses and individuals around the world rely on AFLAC insurance to provide income in the event of an accident or illness, and the company’s advertisements center on its unique form of supplementary insurance.

Line of Business

AFLAC is an American insurance company and insurance underwriter. According to press releases stored in the company’s website archives, AFLAC issues life insurance, supplemental medical insurance and a special type of insurance, known as payroll deduction insurance, designed to provide cash when a policyholder becomes unable to work or collect a paycheck from an employer.

History

According to the AFLAC official website, the company began operations as American Family Life Insurance Company on Nov. 17, 1955. Founders and brothers John Amos, Paul Amos and Bill Amos launched the company from Columbus, Georgia. AFLAC continues to maintain a significant presence in that town. During the first year of operation, AFLAC wrote 6,426 policies and acquired more than $388,000 in assets. As the company grew, it added several types of insurance and adopted a business model of independent sales associates that allowed the company to quickly expand. By the end of the 20th century, according to a press release archived on the company’s website, AFLAC had become a leading supplemental insurance carrier and gained a spot on the Fortune 500 list of successful businesses.

Payroll Insurance

The main focus of AFLAC, according to its website, is a type of supplemental payroll insurance that ensures policyholders continue to receive income when unable to work. According to a description of the plan offered to employees of the federal government’s National Association of State Departments of Agriculture, AFLAC insurance provides cash income to policyholders who are unable to work because of accidents that range from bee stings to broken bones. When the policyholder loses a source of income due to a covered event, AFLAC provides compensation the policyholder can use to pay medical bills, buy groceries, pay bills or cover day-to-day living expenses. Though a description of AFLAC payroll insurance offered by the insurance website HealthQuote360.com describes the service as "most unusual," the website points out that other companies like Assurant and United Health Care may offer similar services.

Other Types of Insurance

In addition to its signature payroll insurance, AFLAC directly offers and underwrites a number of more traditional policies. According to a website set up for AFLAC clients, prospective policyholders may select from traditional life insurance, dental insurance that covers dentist-related expenses, supplemental health insurance and hospital confinement insurance. In addition, the company offers a number of additional payroll insurance policies designed to provide cash income in specific situations like cancer, stroke, heart attack and transplants operations.

Statistics

As of July 2010, AFLAC serves more than 50 million policyholders in numerous countries around the world. The AFLAC Japan organization serves 89 percent of companies listed on that country’s stock exchange, and AFLAC Japan has issued policies to at least 25 percent of all Japanese households. At the end of 2009, the company reported $84 billion in assets with more than $18 billion in revenue. Worldwide, the company maintains affiliations with more than 75,000 independent insurance agents in the United States, the only nation for which the company publishes agent information. Like many other insurance organizations, AFLAC treats each agent as an individual affiliate and does not consider its agents as direct employees of the company.

Tags: more than, payroll insurance, unable work, AFLAC insurance, AFLAC Japan, around world, cash income

Medical Radiologic Technologist Certification

A medical radiologic technologist is a health care professional who exposes parts of patients' body to radiation for diagnosis of medical conditions. In the U.S., the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists offers certification for such professionals. Although not required, being a certified radiologic technologist means that you have attained certain standards of knowledge in the field.

Education

Before applying for certification, candidates need to have a certificate, associate degree or a bachelor's degree in radiologic technology. Certificates and associate degrees can be obtained within a year or two from community colleges and technical schools, while bachelor's degrees can be earned from four-year colleges and universities. The program must also be approved by the ARRT.

Examination

Candidates have to take and pass an examination developed by the ARRT to gain certification. The exam is made up of 200 questions, divided into five content categories: Radiation Protection and Quality Assurance, Clinical Concepts in Radiation Oncology, Treatment Planning, Treatment Delivery, and Patient Care and Education.

Registration

After gaining certification, medical radiologic technologists can choose to register with the ARRT. Every year, the ARRT renews registrations of professionals who agree to comply with its Rules and Regulations, continue to comply with its Standards of Ethics, and meet the continuing education requirements for registration renewal. This is an added boost for employers who want to be assured that the radiologic technologists they hire perennially adhere to certain ethical and professional standards.

Salary

As of 2010, Salary.com reports that the median annual salary for medical radiologic technologists is $48,000. ARRT-certified radiologic technologists, however, get paid more; Salary.com lists their median annual salary figure at $71,000.

Job Prospects

Job prospects for medical radiologic technologists appear to be excellent. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, there may be a 17 percent increase in employment for the field between 2008 and 2018, which it deems faster than the average for all U.S. occupations.

Tags: radiologic technologists, medical radiologic, medical radiologic technologists, annual salary, comply with

Apply For Medicare Part D Coverage

Medicare is a federal health care program designed for the elderly and disabled in the United States. Medicare consists of different "parts," including Part A (hospital insurance), Part B (medical insurance) and finally, Part D, which is the prescription drug benefit. Part D is an optional benefit, and there are certain things to keep in mind when signing up for the first time.

Instructions

1. Have an inventory of all prescription drugs that you take handy. Make a list that includes the names (both brand and generic if you can take a generic version), the frequency you take them and your dosage. It is also helpful to have a list of the pharmacies you prefer to use.

2. Ensure that you are in a designated enrollment period. You cannot sign up for a Part D plan just any time in the year. Medicare has designated certain periods that are approved for signing up. If you are new to Medicare, then you are more than likely in your initial enrollment period, which is a seven month period that starts when you first become Medicare-eligible. If you are no longer in your initial enrollment period, then you can only sign up for Part D during the annual coordinated election period, which lasts from November 15 through December 31 for coverage effective on January 1.

In some instances, you may qualify for a special enrollment period, which is when you are granted a one-time enrollment period outside of the designated enrollment periods by the Social Security Administration. There are several ways to get a special enrollment period, such as losing creditable drug coverage, being enrolled in a low-income subsidy program (such as Extra Help) or having lost or needing to switch drug coverage due to marketing fraud.

3. Select a plan. If you haven't already done this step, you can browse and compare plans using Medicare.gov's online plan finder tool. This tool helps Medicare beneficiaries find plans in their area (see Resources).

4. Call the plan you want to sign up for. Before you enroll, confirm all the information you have about the plan. Double check that it covers all of the drugs you take and ask if there are any restrictions, such as prior authorization or step therapy (which is when they require you to take other, less expensive drugs before they will cover it) placed on the drug. Find out if your preferred pharmacy is an in-network pharmacy. Finally, ask about the price of the plan, including premiums, deductibles and co-payments.

5. Enroll in the plan. When you call the plan, ask about the preferred enrollment method. Some plans offer online enrollment forms, while others can enroll you over the phone. Some prefer you to send in an application. You can also enroll directly through Medicare and for some plans, by going to Medicare.gov. Medicare Interactive cites calling 800-MEDICARE as the best way to enroll in a plan because it is the easiest way to avoid any "administrative errors."

Tags: enrollment period, period which, designated enrollment, drug coverage, enrollment period which, initial enrollment

Mustard For Leg Cramp Relief

Do you suffer from nighttime leg cramps? Have you found any satisfactory methods of leg cramp relief? Taking an over-the-counter pain reliever is a common way to deal with nighttime leg cramps. Unfortunately, you will be rolling around back and forth in bed as you wait for the pain reliever to take effect. Meanwhile, you probably, unknowingly, have one of the best leg cramp remedies sitting in your kitchen: mustard.

Causes of Cramping

Nighttime leg cramps can have a variety of causes. Most commonly, the cramps are caused by the body's shortage of minerals, such as calcium and magnesium. A shortage of acetic acid can also cause cramps. The body uses acetic acid to produce acetylcholine, which is essential for leg muscle contractions. This is why mustard is effective for leg cramp relief. Mustard contains acetic acid. Throughout sports history, coaches have instructed athletes to use mustard for leg cramp relief.

Taking Mustard

Yellow mustard is the only kind of mustard documented to relieve nighttime leg cramps. When nighttime leg cramps occur, take a teaspoon or two of yellow mustard. The mustard should take effect almost immediately, allowing you to easily get to sleep. The immediate relief is believed to be related to turmeric, which is used to give yellow mustard its color. Turmeric has many anti-inflammatory properties which are believed to enable the immediate relief. If you find yourself frequently taking mustard to relieve nighttime leg cramps, see a doctor. Constant nighttime cramping could be an indicator of a more serious medical problem.

Preventive Stretching

If you don't want to use mustard, there are alternative methods of leg cramp relief. One such alternative is stretching. Working some stretches into your bedtime routine is a preemptive strike against nighttime leg cramps. Stretch your calves and any areas you have previously experienced cramps in. Employ the "stair stretch" and "runner's stretch" before bed. For the stair stretch, stand at the edge of a step and drop your heels while holding the railing. For the runner's stretch, stand against a wall and step forward with one foot while keeping the other foot flat on the ground. The stair stretch and runner's stretch are most effective when held for at least 30 seconds.

Tags: nighttime cramps, acetic acid, runner stretch, stair stretch, cramp relief, cramp relief

Leverhulme Research Grants

The Leverhulme Trust awards generous research grants to residents of the United Kingdom.

Leverhulme Research Grants, given to academics living and working in the United Kingdom, award outstanding research across a broad range of disciplines. Non-residents qualify for visiting professorships and, in very rare instances, research grants. Grants, administered by the applicant's university, last for a few months to several years. The Leverhulme Trust uses stringent criteria to winnow the pool of applicants and then invites a select group of researchers to interview before awarding grants, fellowships and prizes.

About the Trust

The Leverhulme Trust, established in 1920, supports "scholarships for the purposes of research and education." Named for Victorian entrepreneur and businessman William Hesketh Lever, Lord Leverhulme of the Western Isles, the trust awards an array of grants and other monetary compensation for original research and projects that require international collaboration. The trust is one of the largest grantors of research funds in the United Kingdom. Special consideration is placed on originality of the project, the significance of the work, risk-taking and removing barriers to collaboration.

Research Grants

Every year, the trust selects several research themes and invites potential grantees to apply for funding in one of those theme areas. Past themes concerned science and politics, resilience and intergenerational justice. Awards are large enough to fund the project and pay salaries for research assistants. Eligible applicants are universities and charities in the United Kingdom, and institutions in developing countries where research funds are scarce. Typically, the grant period is two or three years, but exceptions are occasionally made for larger grants administered over a five-year period.

Research Fellowships

Research fellowships, open to all academics regardless of field of study, last between three and 24 months. Preference is given to scholars who have been unable to complete original research because of life circumstances. Grants provide funds for research costs and cover loss of income over the course of the project. Applicants must be residents of the United Kingdom and be able to show, through their experience and academic background, that they will successfully complete their project.

Other Grants and Prizes

Study Abroad Scholarships provide a basic stipend for living expenses for students working in other countries, excluding the United States, and the student's partner. They last between one and two years. Students in the early stages of their careers who have proven excellence in research qualify for Early Career Fellowships. Emeritus Fellowships provide funding for two years upon retirement and Visiting Professorships fund instructors from other countries working in the United Kingdom. Philip Leverhulme Prizes, awarded each year for projects fitting the trust's designated themes, last for two or three years.

Tags: United Kingdom, Leverhulme Trust, last between, Leverhulme Research, Leverhulme Research Grants

Information On Radiologists

When doctors need a closer look at a patient internally in order to properly diagnose an injury or illness, they often turn to highly advanced medical imaging devices for answers. In order to get images from these devices, they refer patients to specialized physicians called radiologists. Radiologists work in hospitals, clinics, laboratories, and imaging centers.

Description

Radiologists use different types of imaging devices such as x-ray machines, MRI scanners, ultrasound, and CAT scanners to get detailed internal images of the patient's body. They then review these images and discuss the results with the patient's doctor to ensure proper treatment. Sometimes radiologists use radiation treatments through injection or other means to help treat patients suffering from certain medical conditions such as cancer. Radiologists are also responsible for managing other trained radiology professionals to ensure proper care is given to each patient. Radiologists may often suggest other testing to get a conclusive diagnosis.

Types

Like other medical professionals, radiologists may choose to specialize.

Intervention radiology is a specialty where radiologists not only use imaging technology to diagnose patients but also to treat them.

Therapeutic radiologists treat diseases such as cancer with radiation, ensuring that the proper amount of radiation is administered and monitoring the patient's status.

Other specialties include pediatric radiology, emergency radiology, and nuclear medicine.

Education

In order to become a radiologist, you must first earn your high school diploma and an undergraduate degree from a four-year college. You will then need to complete four years of medical school and an additional four- to five-year radiology residency program. You will then need to take a written and oral exam administered by the American Board of Radiology in order to get your license to practice. Some states also require you to pass a separate state board exam in order to practice in that state.

Earnings

Earnings for radiologists vary depending on experience, location, and specialty. The average salary of a non-specialized radiologist is approximately $420,000 while a specialized radiologist generally averages about $463,000. Chief radiologists at the hospital can earn significantly more with an average annual salary exceeding $500,000.

Career Outlook

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, job opportunities for radiologists are expected to increase by over 15 percent in the next 10 years. Specialty radiologists are expected to be in even higher demand.

Tags: ensure proper, imaging devices, radiologists expected, such cancer, then need, will then

Breast Cancer Relief Foundation

The Breast Cancer Relief Foundation is an organization that supports education, prevention, medical assistance and research programs to help reduce the amount of breast cancer throughout the world (breastcancerrelief.org). Providing direct assistance to patients and their families is also one of the organization's goals.

History

The Breast Cancer Relief Foundation is a program that is part of The Cancer Center for Detection and Prevention, which is a nonprofit organization based in New Orleans.

International Significance

In addition to working on disparities in the United States, the foundation aims to help provide access to pharmaceuticals and medical supplies to those in poor areas of the developing world.

Education

The foundation helps provide patient education about breast exams, breast cancer and cancer treatment; offers mammograms; and hosts educational seminars for communities that may not otherwise have accurate information. This includes distributing shower cards, pocket guides and brochures.

Research

Breast Cancer Relief Foundation provides financial assistance to breast-cancer research programs at different cancer centers, including Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and MD Anderson Cancer Center.

Screening and Prevention

Since screening and early detection are key to curing breast cancer, the Breast Cancer Relief Foundation works with various hospitals and cancer centers across the nation in helping to provide mammograms to women who lack insurance or the finances to get a mammogram.

Famous Ties

Hospitals and cancer centers with which the Breast Cancer Relief Foundation works include the Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, the Moffitt Cancer Center, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Institute, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and The Cancer Institute of New Jersey.

Tags: Breast Cancer Relief, Cancer Relief, Cancer Relief Foundation, Relief Foundation, Cancer Center, Breast Cancer

Buy A Computer Based Ultrasound Scanner

An ultrasound scanner uses sound waves that are sent out in a high frequency that reflect off the structure of a body to create an image. Images produced by an ultrasound machine can be two-dimensional, three-dimensional or four-dimensional. Ultrasound is used for imaging in cardiac, obstetric and many other diagnostic areas. Most ultrasound scanners are used to examine organs. However ultrasound can also be used for therapeutic purposes as well, such as to improve circulation, to treat pain and strains, and to enhance the body's own natural healing process

Instructions

1. Think about what the scanner will be used for. Consider the basics of any ultrasound scanner, such as the frequencies that will be used, the power source, requirements, power output, the size and weight, and the life of the battery beforehand. Consider how the scanner will be used; for therapeutic purposes or diagnostic imaging. Therapeutic ultrasound uses less intense sound waves to create images; diagnostic ultrasound uses much higher energies to create images.

2. Note the scanner's image quality. The creation of an image from a sound wave is done in three steps--the sound wave is produced, the echoes are received and the echoes are interpreted. Therefore, deciding what modes will be used is dependent on what the scanner will be used for. For diagnostic imaging, the clarity of the image is determined by the power, frequency and amplitude and the time that it requires for the sound signal to return from the individual to the transducer. Generally, a lower frequency produces poorer resolution but can reach further into the body.

3. Decide on a budget. The prices on ultrasound scanners vary greatly from low-end models, which start at approximately $5,000, to upward of $200,000. Having a budget can help narrow the choices down so you can determine what fits in your price range.

4. Determine if you want a new or used model. Ultrasound scanners are complicated, so when purchasing a new or used ultrasound scanner, it's important to take into consideration maintenance, repair and what the warranty covers. New ultrasound scanners usually come with a 1-year service agreement, but some offer as much as a 3- to 5-year service agreement that is added onto the price. As with anything else, a pre-owned ultrasound scanner can save money, so it's best to choose wisely.

With a pre-owned ultrasound scanner, there are some non-OEM (non-original equipment manufacturer) organizations that offer service agreements that can be purchased. So before you agree to buy new or used, it's best to make sure you know exactly what the warranty/service agreements cover.

5. Choose either a stationary or mobile model. Choosing whether to purchase a portable or stationary ultrasound depends greatly on how you intend to use the machine and the space you have available. Portable can be beneficial if you use it in several facilities, but its use has some drawbacks. Generally, only one transducer can be used at any one time, the keyboard is small, and since many of the keys on the keyboard serve several functions it can deter from the ease of use.

6. Consider what mode you want. A-mode is the simplest type of ultrasound. It is used for imaging and therapeutic purposes. B-mode is the most commonly used ultrasound and costs about $50,000. M-Mode has been used to study the heart. Doppler mode is widely used to detect defects of the heart, hypertension and arteriosclerosis. Doppler machines cost about $250,000.

7. Look for vendors who provide training. Unless you are very familiar with the aspects of the equipment you will be using, proper training is essential. A good vendor will offer support, a review of the features and training upon delivery.So be sure and inquire with the vendor what is included with the purchase with regard to training.

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What Is A Laboratory Technician

Lab technicians prepare blood and tissue samples.

Laboratory technicians, also called clinical or medical laboratory technicians, work under the supervision of a clinical laboratory technologist, lab manager or physician. Lab technicians help perform a variety of tests used to diagnose disease. They may work in multiple areas of a lab or may specialize in just one area.

Function

The function of a lab technician is to perform a variety of diagnostic tests. Examples of job duties include preparing and monitoring blood, urine and tissue samples. Technicians operate automated analyzers and use equipment to search for bacteria or toxins. They also analyze chemical content of body fluids, test for drug levels and look for abnormalities. Technicians perform some types of tests, less complex than technologists.

Education

A high school diploma is usually required to pursue lab technician training. Training programs typically last 1 to 2 years, and most candidates obtain an associate's degree. Certificate programs are offered in hospitals, vocational schools and the armed forces. Some lab technicians are trained on the job. Training involves both classroom study and lab experience. Students learn microbiology, pathology, immunology and chemistry. Licensure is required in some states. Local state boards of health have information on licensing requirements.

Skills and Advancement

Lab technicians should have good analytical skills and the ability to work well under pressure. They should be detail oriented with good vision and manual dexterity. Lab technicians sometimes pursue additional education and training in order to become laboratory technologists. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, becoming a clinical lab technologist requires a bachelor's degree in medical technology or one of the life sciences. More complex diagnostic tests can be done by technologists.

Work Environment and Salary

Lab technicians work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics and independent laboratories. They may stand on their feet for several hours at a time. Those that work for hospitals may work days, nights, weekends or holidays. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary for clinical lab technicians is approximately $35,000, as of May 2008.

Considerations

Without proper training, handling contaminated specimens could be hazardous. Lab technicians are trained to use professional methods of sterilization and infection control, and may use gloves, goggles or protective masks to handle infectious specimens. Some employers prefer candidates who have obtained certification through a professional organization such as the American Medical Technologists.

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