Cancer starts off as a regular cell. Most cells have an expected life cycle of growth, reproduction and death. A cancerous cell, however, has somehow gone wrong and not completed the cycle normally. A cancerous cell may split abnormally, not die or merge with other cancer cells. Either way, a cancer cell does something out of the ordinary and it usually starts in the upper layers of the body's organs called the epithelium.
The Cancerous Tumor Grows
Eventually the tumor grows to where oxygen and other life-sustaining nutrients do not reach the center of the cancerous cell. The inner parts of the tumor mass die off. At this point, the outer layers come inside and the growth cycle of the tumor is sustained.
Invasion
Because of the sustaining cycle of the inner cancerous cells dying and regrowing, the cancer cell can break down its membrane. When this happens, the cancer cell releases the MMP protein, which can break through the epithelium. The breaking of the membrane and epithelium creates a path for the cancerous tumor cells to move freely into the blood vessels and attack other parts of the body.
There are a number of different medications that are used to treat depression. Antidepressants are grouped into classes according to how they function. There are SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), SNRIs (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), TCAs (tricyclic antidepressants) and MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors). As with all medications, there are a number of side effects attributed.
Significance
Side effects of antidepressants are generally mild and considered to be tolerable. However, the degree and severity of potential side effects depends on the individual, the precise medication and the dosage.
General Side Effects
Common side effects of various depression medications include abdominal pain, agitation, anxiety, constipation, decreased libido, dry mouth, headache, gastrointestinal disturbances, nausea, sedation, sleep disturbances and weight fluctuation.
SSRIs and SNRIs
Frequently prescribed SSRIs include citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), fluvoxamine (Luvox), fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil) and sertraline (Zoloft). Commonly prescribed SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor, Effexor XR). Although the above side effects are attributed to these two classes, they're considered to cause the least amount of side effects.
TCAs
Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline, amoxapine, desipramine (Norpramin), doxepin (Sinequan), imipramine (Tofranil, Tofranil-PM), nortriptyline (Pamelor), protriptyline (Vivactil) and trimipramine (Surmontil) may be more likely to cause side effects like blurred vision, tremors, sedation and skin disturbances.
MAOIs
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are not as frequently administered as the other classes due to their potential risks. When taking a MAOI like isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine (Nardil), selegiline (Emsam) or tranylcypromin (Parnate), strict diet and medication restrictions must be followed, as the interaction between tyramine--found in aged cheeses and fermented foods--with MAOIs can result in serious blood pressure increases that can lead to a stroke.
According to the National Center for Health Statistics, from 2003 to 2006, 16 percent of the United States' population had higher-than-recommended cholesterol levels. High levels of cholesterol increase the risk for developing heart disease and suffering heart attack or stroke. To measure your cholesterol levels, a simple blood test can be done. By following a few steps, you can lower your cholesterol levels even before taking the test.
Instructions
1. Eat less foods containing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. This "bad cholesterol" is the main culprit in a poor blood cholesterol reading. This is largely due to LDL cholesterol's ability to calcify in the arteries as plaque, contributing to the development of heart disease. All animal-based proteins have LDL cholesterol, but not all have the same levels. Switching to plant-based proteins (which do not contain LDL cholesterol) or changing your diet to include animal-based proteins that are lower in LDL cholesterol (such as chicken or fish) can go a long way to improve your cholesterol levels.
2. Eat more foods containing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. This type of cholesterol is good for you and is responsible for binding to LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream and bringing it back to the liver to be metabolized out of the body. Foods high in HDL cholesterol include salmon, soy foods, nuts and canola oil.
3. Exercise more. According to the Mayo Clinic, even moderate exercise can help improve your cholesterol numbers. Fitting in just 30 minutes of exercise per day can go a long way to increase your HDL cholesterol levels and lower your LDL cholesterol levels. Exercise does not have to be vigorous; even moderate exercise such as walking, hiking or swimming can help lower your cholesterol levels.
4. Increase your soluble fiber intake. Soluble fiber can be found in oats, fruits, vegetables and legumes. Soluble fiber helps lower cholesterol by interfering with bile production in the liver. Soluble fiber fools the liver into thinking that there is not enough bile available and activates the liver to create more. The liver pulls LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream to create more bile, thereby lowering your overall cholesterol levels.
5. Stop smoking. According to the American Heart Association, smoking lowers your HDL (good) cholesterol levels. This prevents HDL from lowering your LDL cholesterol levels and can also affect your total cholesterol levels in a test, since HDL cholesterol levels are also calculated and included in your total cholesterol score.
Tags: cholesterol levels, your cholesterol, your cholesterol levels, lower your, lower your cholesterol
Excessive radiation is harmful to humans at all stages in life. Radiation usually takes the form of X and Gamma rays. The dosage of radiation can occur in two ways. A one-time exposure to radiation can harm human body cells or a low dose of radiation can be introduced everyday causing an increase in the radioactivity level in the human body.
Radiation and the Human Embryo
The most significant harmful effect of radiation is seen at the human embryonic level. Radiation affects the embryo in its three phrases, which are called the preimplantation stage, the organogenesis stage and the fetal stage of embryonic development.
Preimplantation Stage
This is the initial stage of pregnancy lasting from fecundation to the 14th day. This refers to the days ranging from conception to the 14th day of pregnancy when the embryo is being implanted. At this stage, the nascent embryo is highly sensitive to radiation. According to the radiology department at King Edward Memorial College, excessive exposure to X-rays lead to brain malformation and diseases of mental retardation, cerebral atrophy, hydrocephalus and anencephaly.
Organogenesis Stage
This stage of embryonic development coincides with the third and fourth weeks of gestation. The embryo is very sensitive to radiation at this time. Radiation causes embryonic cells to malfunction and divide, which causes organ malformations. These include eye malformations of retinoblastoma, microphthalmia and anophthalmia.
Fetal Stage
The fetal stage runs during the final trimester of pregnancy. At this stage, the human fetus is developing cells and neurons at the nervous system level. Radiation at this stage has physical effects leading to malformations in the skeleton and bones. This results in dwarfism, spina bifida and malformation of the extremities or genital organs.
10-day Rule
According to radiation guidelines issued in the UK in the 1980s, all women of child-bearing age should be exposed to radiological procedures and tests during the first 10 days after a regular menstrual cycle. The 10-day rule prevents the possibility of an embryo being exposed to radiation.
Other Guidelines
In 1984, the National Radiological Protection Board issued a series of guidelines that enforced shielding procedures of the human embryo during X-ray tests. The guidelines stated that X-ray beams should be collimated, shielding the chest, skull and extremities of the fetus.
Tags: Human Embryo, Radiation Human, Radiation Human Embryo, Effects Radiation, Effects Radiation Human, embryo being
Wellness programs can benefit a company in a wide variety of ways.
Wellness programs represent a growing trend emphasizing all around health in the business world. According to Ilona Bray's 2009 book, "Healthy Employees, Healthy Business: Easy, Affordable Ways to Promote Workplace Wellness," a wellness program refers to a series of efforts instituted by a company to encourage their employees' good health. This may include physical activity breaks, healthier options in the cafeteria, a fitness center, or workshops regarding mental and emotional health. Such programs offer a variety of benefits to companies and their employees.
Healthcare Costs
Obesity is one of the single most costly components of workplace health related costs. According to a 2008 report from Consumer Affairs, obesity costs American companies an estimated $45 billion a year in insurance costs and sick day payouts. Wellness Proposals, a wellness consulting program, reports on their website that, "Health care costs in the United States doubled between 1990 and 2001. They're expected to double again by 2012."
Wellness programs help to combat these costs by encouraging a more healthy lifestyle. Wellness Proposals explains that, " implementing a work site wellness program in the workplace lowered sick leave by 28 percent, lowered the use of health care benefits by 26 percent, and lowered employees' compensation claims by 30 percent."
Employee Retention
A 2009 study conducted by Synergy Health found that individuals who were healthier were also happier. As the Wellness Proposals website reports, happier workers are statistically more likely to stay with a company in the long run. Wellness programs encourage healthier habits, helping to promote this increased morale. This matters to companies because, as a 2007 survey of turnover costs conducted by consulting company Sasha Corporation found, the average cost of employee turnover is over $9,000 per employee.
Productivity Costs
According the Centers for Disease Control, wellness programs improve productivity. Their data suggested that wellness programs improve health, cutting absenteeism by over 25 percent. Consulting company Pihms Analytics Solutions found in 2009 that the average cost of absenteeism per employee for a company is $755. If a company institutes a wellness program for a fifty person workforce, they could end up saving up to $37,000 a year.
Tags: wellness program, Wellness Proposals, average cost, percent lowered, programs improve, their employees, Wellness programs
Child health care laws protect the physical and mental well-being of the nation's most vulnerable.
Child health care law seeks to ensure that children have adequate health care from their early years through young adulthood. The federal government and most states have regulations in place that mandate health insurance coverage for children.
Types
Medicaid is a joint health care program funded by the federal government and the states. Each state administers the program, which includes CHIP, the Children's Health Insurance Program. CHIP provides medical coverage for uninsured children. The federal government also passed the Affordable Care Act, which requires private insurers to offer coverage to children under the parent's policy until the child reaches age 26.
Significance
Under the Affordable Care Act, insurers cannot deny coverage to children because of pre-existing conditions. Insurance companies must also cover preventive health care services. The law prohibits insurance companies from assessing additional costs for extending the required coverage to consumers.
Features
The Affordable Care Act ensures that children can receive vaccinations, screenings and checkups. Along with the necessary treatment for children when they become ill, the regulation emphasizes preventive care.
Limitations
The Affordable Care Act provision for covering children applies only to insurance companies that provide dependent coverage. The law does not require insurers to offer this type of coverage to consumers.
Tags: health care, Affordable Care, coverage children, federal government, Child health, Child health care, coverage consumers
Ringworm is not only an unsightly skin condition, it is often unbearable for those who suffer from it. Ringworm is the result of a fungus, and is highly contagious. It is itchy and can burn, causing constant irritation. There are numerous over-the-counter and prescription medicines for ringworm, but not all work for everyone. There is a simple home remedy that usually works quickly for ringworm sufferers, relieving the itching almost immediately and getting rid of the ringworm in as little as 3 days. This wonderful home remedy is chlorine bleach.
Instructions
1. Put 2 cups of warm, distilled water into a glass bowl.
2. Add 1/3-cup of chlorine bleach to the water. Swirl around to mix.
3. Dip a sterile cotton swab into the bleach mixture. Apply the wet cotton swab directly to the ring worm, going 1/4 inch over the edge of the ringworm to the clear skin. Repeat this process with clean cotton swabs until the area is covered.
4. Leave the bleach on the skin over night or as long as possible.
5. Use a sterile cotton ball on the ringworm if you have a large patch you need to cover.
Tags: chlorine bleach, cotton swab, home remedy, sterile cotton
A radiographer, also called a radiography technician, takes x-rays and scans, updates patients' charts, maintains equipment in the radiology lab and adheres to all the safety procedures essential to the job. As a technician, radiographers are not qualified to make medical prognosis or offer treatments, but they are an essential part of the health care team that diagnoses and treats illnesses and injuries ranging from a broken arm to cancer. If you want to become a radiography technician, requirements include education, training, and in most cases state certification and licensure.
Education
The most important requirement to being a radiographer is education. Most positions require a two-year associate degree in radiation sciences, although it is possible to earn certification as a radiography technician from a one-year program. Four-year programs in radiation sciences are also available. Training in radiography involves classroom and clinical instruction in medical ethics, pathology, anatomy and physiology, radiation physics, principles of imaging, patient care procedures, radiation protection, medical terminology, positioning of patients, and radiobiology.
License
Most radiographers must also obtain some form of licensure and certification to work in most states. Licensing laws vary by state, so it is important to check with your state for information on its radiographer license laws. Most states require that a radiographer pass a board licensing examination. In addition, the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) offers voluntary certification for radiography technicians, and most employers would prefer to hire a certified radiographer.
People Skills
Radiography technicians must have the appropriate people skills. Communication with both patients and their families is an integral part of the job. The job is also very detail-oriented, requiring precise following of instructions and efficient handling of the equipment. Because they are just a small part of a bigger health care system, team-work is essential.
Tags: radiography technician, certification radiography, health care, radiation sciences
Cell phone radiation is a hotly contested area of scientific discovery. Potential links to cancer, memory loss, vision loss and even environmental conditions have been discovered. Because of various personal and environmental links, understanding the risks of cell phone radiation is more important than ever.
How Cell Phones Function
Cell phones operate by using an "amplitude modulated" signal which operates on lower signal frequencies than unmodulated frequencies. This causes a lower heat signature, but the devices also operate on a microwave transmitter.
Effects Of Modulated Signals On The Brain
Dr. Andrew Goldsworthy states that the low energy signals used by "modulated" cell phones are too weak to generate significant heat, which in turn draws "structurally important calcium" away from the surfaces of the brain. When calcium is lost, the membrane weakens and can cause leaking and "unwanted biological effects." An increase in the probability of brain cancer has also shown a link to heavy use of cell phones with microwave transmitters.
Effects Of Cell Phone Radiation on The Body
While the brain may be the first to be affected, the rest of the body can shortly follow. Recent studies show that retina damage, joint pain, muscle spasms and tremors can also occur. Other effects include burning sensations, along with rashes on the skin and a reduced number of disease-fighting white blood cells, among other issues of the body.
Environmental Effects Of Cell Phone Radiation
The "Independent" reports on scientists in Europe theorizing that colonies of bees have been destroyed as a direct link to cell phone use. The theory states that cell phone radiation messes up the navigation system of bees, which makes them lose their way back to their hives. Further studies in India show a direct effect on other animals, which could cause ecosystems to fall out of balance.
Steps for Prevention of High Radiation Levels
While avoiding cell phones may not be an option, many organizations post lists of "high and low radiation emitting phones." For example, ChasingCheerios.com shows the top 10 radiation emitting devices vs. the 10 best phones to avoid radiation. Choosing a T-Mobile Sidekick over a T-Mobile Shadow, for example, would provide the user with less radiation output. A simple search for "low radiation emitting cell phones" is a good start.
As of 2010, the federal cigarette tax rate is $1.01 per pack. President Obama signed a 62-cent increase into law on February 4, 2009. In addition to the federal cigarette tax, states also charge taxes on cigarettes.
Purpose
Cigarette taxes raise the price of cigarettes, which reduces consumer demand. Since smoking is harmful to people's health, reducing the number of smokers benefits society. This type of tax is sometimes called a "sin tax" or Pigovian tax (named after economist Arthur Pigou). In addition, taxes raise revenue, which can then be invested in health care or smoking-prevention programs.
Effects
According to the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, the 2009 increase in the federal cigarette tax rate will prevent approximately 248,000 smoking-affected births over the next five years and will also save $44.5 billion in long-term heath care costs.
Criticism
Opponents of increasing the federal cigarette tax rate contend that cigarette taxes disproportionately harm the poor, since lower-income families spend more on tobacco. In addition, some people believe that citizens should be free to engage in activities that harm their own health, as long as others are not affected.
Smoking and Health
Nearly one of every five deaths in the United States is caused by smoking cigarettes. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, smoking drastically increases your risk of developing cancer, coronary heart disease and stroke. In addition, smoking increases the risk of infertility, low birth weight and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
The easiest way to identify nipple problems is to perform a self breast exam. Although most nipple problems are a result of pregnancy or breast feeding, sometimes nipple problems may indicate a more serious condition. These tips have been derived from information found at MedLine Plus, an online service of the National Institutes for Health.
Instructions
1. Examine the skin of the nipple. Does it looked inflamed, red, or cracked? These are often signs of nipple problems and may be due to simple causes like trauma or friction. These symptoms may also indicate a more serious condition such as a bacterial or fungal infection.
2. Place your hand on various parts of the breast tissue. Does the skin temperature seem constant from place to place, or do certain portions of the breast seem warmer than others? Differing temperature may indicate underlying problems. Consult a physician.
3. Gently squeeze the breast tissue. Does this cause a discharge from one or both nipples? If the discharge is present its color can be clear, milky, bloody or discolored green or brown. The discharge may also be present even if the breast tissue is not palpated. Nipple problems involving discharge are often found in pregnant or nursing women, but other causes are possible. Please consult your family physician.
4. Gently palpate the breasts. Are your breasts sore or tender? This symptom is indicative of a wide range of potential causes. Consult a physician to narrow down the possible causes of breast tenderness.
5. Gently press your fingers into the breast tissue over the entire surface of the breast. Do you feel any lumps or swellings? This symptom is sometimes associated with nipple problems, and should be brought to the attention of a family doctor.
Tags: breast tissue, nipple problems, breast tissue Does, Consult physician, indicate more, indicate more serious, more serious
Radiographers take precautions to prevent unnecessary radiation exposure for patients.
Radiographers -- or radiologic technologists or radiologic technicians -- perform diagnostic imaging examinations using x-rays, computer tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and mammography. They prepare patients by explaining the procedures, removing articles through which x-rays cannot pass, and positioning patients so that they can be appropriately radiographed. There were about 214,700 radiologic technologists in 2008, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
National Salaries
The median salary of radiographers was about $52,000 per year in May 2008, according to BLS. The top-paying metropolitan areas were San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, California, with a mean salary of about $78,000; Oakland-Fremont-Hayward, California, about $73,000; and Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, Massachusetts, about $72,500. The top-paying states were Massachusetts and Nevada with annual mean salaries of about $68,000 and $66,000, respectively, according to BLS.
Salary by Education and Experience
Training programs in radiography lead to a certificate, an associate or a bachelor's degree. Certificate programs take about two years. Certification and registration with the American Registry of Radiological Technologists (ARRT) and continuing education may increase a radiographer's salary. With experience and additional training, staff technologists may also become specialists, performing CT scans or mammography, or become supervisors or administrators.
The mean salary for a radiographer with a high-school diploma and ARRT certification was about $56,000 in 2004, according to The American Society of Radiologic Technologists. The mean salary for a radiographer with a bachelor's degree was about $67,000; with a master's, about $76,000; and with a doctoral degree, about $76,000. By experience, PayScale reported that in November 2010, the median salary for radiographers with ARRT certification and less than one year experience was about $49,000; five to nine years, about $54,000; and 20 years or more, about $69,000.
Salary by Industry
According to BLS, in May 2009 the annual mean salaries were about $55,000 in medical and diagnostic centers; about $51,000 in physicians' offices; about $57,000 in medical and diagnostic labs; about $53,000 in outpatient care centers; and about $56,000 in the federal executive branch. The top-paying industry was scientific, research and development services, with a mean annual salary of about $65,000.
Outlook
The job outlook for radiographers is good. Employment is expected to increase by about 17 percent from 2008 to 2018, according to BLS. As people grow older, the demand for health care services requiring diagnostic imaging grows. Hospitals are likely to remain the principal employer of radiographers. However, as technological innovations make imaging procedures more affordable and accessible, the demand for radiographers will grow in physicians' offices and diagnostic imaging centers.
Tags: diagnostic imaging, mean salary, 2008 according, about medical, about medical diagnostic, about with
Determine the Best Time for Breast Implant Surgery
The decision to get breast implants can be either a simple one or a difficult one. Once you have decided that you do want to get breast implants, you have to decide when to have the procedure. Even though you could get breast implants at anytime, there are ideal times for everyone. Below is a list to help you know when it is the best time to have breast implant surgery.
Instructions
1. Make sure that your body is finished growing. You need to wait until your breasts have stopped growing to get breast implants. You want to wait and see what your body shape will be and what your breasts will look like. Your breasts might just be late-bloomers and will grow last. Most older women can tell you that your breasts at age 23 are often far more developed than your breasts at 18.
2. Be old enough to make this decision. Most plastic surgeons recommend waiting until you are 18. This is a medical procedure, and you need to be mature enough to understand the risks and complications that could arise during the surgery. Unless the surgery is to repair some damage or deformity, it is not recommended that adolescent (teenage) women have breast implants.
3. Wait if you plan to have children. Having children will change the shape and size of your breasts, and you may need to have the breast implants redone after having children. Pregnancy will make your breasts swell and stretch out the skin. They may or may not return to their original shape.
4. Schedule surgery around planned activities. If you are going to school or work, you want to plan your surgery during time off or school breaks (such as winter or summer breaks). Though you will be able to return to school and work after a few days, you will be sore for a few weeks. Any time off that you could allow yourself will help in the recovery process.
5. Be ready for summer. Do you like to swim and are active in the summer? Then you would want to schedule your breast implant surgery for fall. You would want your new breasts to be completely healed. Your scars should be faded and less noticeable, and you will want to wear your swimsuit.
6. Make sure you are in good health. Before scheduling your breast implant surgery, make sure to have a full physical so that you know if you are in good health or not. This will make it easier to avoid complications down the line, and it is just good common sense not to have unnecessary surgery if you are sick.
Tags: breast implants, your breasts, have breast, Best Time, Best Time Breast, breast implant surgery
The field of physical science includes astronomy, chemistry, geology, meteorology and physics. Students love physical science experiments because they can be flashy enough to wow even the most jaded classmate or adult. Some of the most visually interesting experiments are simple to do and require only the most basic materials.
The Magnificent Egg Drop
Getting a hard-boiled egg to drop into the mouth of a bottle is a classic experiment. Everyone wants to duplicate the trick and know how it was done. This experiment teaches students about how differing air pressures work.
Materials include: a hard-boiled egg, a bottle with a mouth slightly smaller than the egg, a 3-inch square piece of newspaper and a match. The egg has to be peeled.
Show the students that the egg cannot fit into the bottle. Fold the newspaper into a strip, light it and drop it into the bottle. When the egg is put back on the top of the bottle, it falls into the bottle. Sometimes the egg breaks into pieces because it's too large. This can be fixed by using a smaller egg or by putting some oil on the mouth of the bottle. The egg slides into the bottle because of a difference in the air pressure inside and outside the bottle. At the start of the experiment, the air pressure inside and outside the bottle was the same. When the burning paper was put in the bottle, the air heated up and expanded. When the egg was put back on the bottle, it extinguished the fire, and the air cooled. The cooling air contracted making the pressure inside less than the pressure outside. The higher pressure outside pushed the egg into the bottle.
Create a Tornado
Tornadoes are windstorms that whirl around the center at more than 200 miles per hour. A tornado has a rotating funnel cloud coming out of dark clouds. Some funnels reach the earth and others do not. The ones that reach the earth create massive amounts of damage. A tornado that does touchdown may retreat upwards into the black clouds and then drop down again.
Kids can create their own tornadoes at home with a few simple materials including: a glass jar that is filled about 3/4 full with water, some food coloring and a teaspoon of dishwashing detergent.
Put the lid on the jar and shake for about 20 seconds. The liquid forms a funnel that looks like a real tornado and behaves similarly.
Sink or Swim
Science experiments are a great way for kids to impress their friends and parents by explaining an everyday event in scientific terms. Everyone is familiar with opening up a cooler at a picnic and finding some cans at the bottom and some floating on the top. Who knows why?
Materials for this experiment include: three unopened cans of regular soda (of any brand), three unopened cans of diet soda and an aquarium or a large cooler filled with water.
Students will be trying to see which cans float and which cans sink. They should place one can of regular soda in the water first to see if it sinks or floats, and then try a can of diet soda. They should repeat this until they use all the cans. Which ones sink and which ones float? They need to explain why because this is where they can show off their scientific knowledge.
First, the cans have the same size and volume. The density of the cans is different because of the substance dissolved in the soda: sugar. The regular soda has sugar dissolved in it for sweetening. The diet soda uses artificial sweeteners which are much sweeter than sugar so there is less of it in the soda. This difference accounts for the difference in density. The more dense regular soda sinks, and the less dense diet soda floats.
Tags: into bottle, diet soda, regular soda, pressure inside, back bottle, create their, drop into
Breastfeeding after breast surgery can be a challenge, however, it is possible. Some surgeries--especially breast reduction--can sever milk ducts, resulting in low milk supply. This can be overcome either by raising milk supply with herbs, or supplementing with donated breastmilk or formula through either a bottle or a breastfeeding supplementer. Whether you've had breast reduction, implants, lumpectomy or other invasive breast surgery, there are some things you can do to prepare for breastfeeding after surgery in order to minimize your stress level in those first postpartum days.
Instructions
Breastfeed After Breast Surgery
1. Purchase a nursing supplementer. This is a flexible tube attached to a milk container, which allows the baby to receive formula or donated breastmilk while nursing at your breast. Study the instructions and practice filling and putting on the supplementer ahead of time. The two main brands of nursing supplementer are the Lact-Aid, and SNS (supplemental nursing system) by Medela.
2. Purchase herbal galactogogues (herbs or ingredients which increase milk supply). These can be helpful to a mother breastfeeding after surgery. Such herbs include fenugreek, blessed thistle, goat's rue and alfalfa.
3. Locate a qualified lactation consultant. Try to find one who has specific experience with breastfeeding after breast surgery. Line up the services beforehand so that both you and the consultant are ready to immediately tackle any problems that may arise when the baby is born.
4. Attend a local La Leche League meeting and note the schedule for future meetings. While not every La Leche League leader has experience with mothers who are breastfeeding after breast surgery, most are acquainted with nursing supplementers and ways to improve milk supply, therefore can be a vital source of support when breastfeeding in a challenging situation.
5. Nurse frequently. This is particularly important for mothers breastfeeding after breast surgery. Don't worry about nursing the baby "too much", babies know to let you know when they need to eat, and nursing very frequently--as often as every 30 to 60 minutes--is helpful in building a good milk supply.
6. Watch the baby's urinary and bowel output, and monitor his or her weight. Breastfed babies should have a minimum of six to eight wet diapers and several small bowel movements per day. If the baby's output is not adequate, consult your pediatrician and lactation consultant.
Tags: breastfeeding after, milk supply, after breast, after breast surgery, Breastfeed After, Breastfeed After Breast
Programs such as the LPN to RN provide educational advancement opportunities for licensed practical nurses to become registered nurses.
LPN to RN programs give licensed practical nurses (LPNs) the chance to upgrade their education, qualifications, professional and technical skills, and thereby earn a higher salary and enjoy a greater range of career options. Once the student graduates from a registered nurse training program, he can then take the National Council for Licensure examination for registered nursing (NCLEX-RN), which will allow him to practice as a RN.
Southeast Missouri Hospital's College of Nursing and Health Sciences: LPN to RN Bridge Options
LPNs enrolling in this program can choose to take the LPN to RN Bridge as an accelerated one-year course or a two-year course. Although the same curriculum is taken, students in the accelerated program will finish nursing courses in a shorter duration (seven weeks) than those in the two-year course (fourteen weeks). LPNs must hold a current and active LPN license and take the National League for Nursing (NLN) Mobility Challenge Examination to test their nursing competency. Courses that must be completed include general education subjects such as English composition, anatomy and physiology, chemistry, microbiology, psychology, sociology, nutrition, college algebra and oral communications. Once on the nursing track, the student must complete credits in introduction to professional practice, adult health nursing, mental health nursing, family health nursing, child health nursing and pharmacology. Finally the LPN must pass the NLN Mobility Foundations I Examination. In total, 72 hours of college credit have to be achieved before graduation, where the LPN will earn an associate of applied science in nursing qualification.
Southeast Missouri Hospital's College of Nursing and Health Sciences
2001 William Street
Cape Girardeau, MO 63703
573-334-6825
southeastmissourihospitalcollege.edu/
Missouri State University: LPN to RN Program
The LPN to RN program at Missouri State awards the associate of science in nursing degree to graduates. It admits nurses who hold a current LPN license and have completed certain educational requirements. Advanced credit may be awarded to LPNs who have completed and achieved grades of C or higher in certain introductory nursing courses or nursing support courses. In addition, the student must complete pre-nursing courses, satisfy background checks and complete all vaccination and health evaluations. Students are required to complete 72 course hours. General education courses are taken alongside nursing courses, and include basic pharmacology, writing, elements of microbiology, and issues in nursing.
Missouri State University-West Plains
Nursing
128 Garfield Ave.
West Plains, MO 65775
417-255-7245
wp.missouristate.edu/
Mineral Area College: Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN)
The LPN to RN Advanced Placement course at Mineral Area College awards an associate degree in nursing to LPN students upon successful completion of the course. All LPNs who have previously achieved the minimum grades (C or better) in previously taken courses may be able to use these to obtain credit towards the ADN program. Nurses must have a high school diploma (or the equivalent), hold a current and valid license, and complete general education courses as entrance requirements. These courses include algebra, introductory chemistry, English composition, general psychology, human growth and development, anatomy and human physiology. Additional entrance criteria include the ACT, a 2.5 (or higher) GPA, and satisfactory grades on the LPN-GAP test. Nursing courses that will be taken include contemporary nursing, medical-surgical nursing and nursing of children.
Mineral Area College
5270 Flat River Road
PO Box 1000
Park Hills MO 63601
573-431-4593
http://www.mineralarea.edu/
Tags: health nursing, Area College, hold current, Mineral Area, Mineral Area College, Missouri State, nursing courses
Premenopause is a hormonal event that occurs in all women during the three to six years before the onset of menopause. It is characterized by a decline in the production of estrogen and progesterone. Most women experience premenopause in their 40s, though it can happen as early as their late 20s. Medical professionals often prescribe artificial hormones to help women manage moderate to severe symptoms of premenopause.
Irregular Menstrual Cycles
The characteristic symptom of premenopause is a disruption of regular menstrual periods. Periods become lighter, shorter and farther apart.
Hot Flashes
Another classic symptom of premenopause is hot flashes. Hot flashes start and finish abruptly, though they may last in duration for several hours.
Breast Changes
Due to the fluctuation in estrogen, many women experience breast changes such as increased sensitivity and loss of size.
Mood Swings
Most women experience mood swings and experience more frequent bouts of anxiety, annoyance and sadness during premenopause.
Weight Gain
The hormonal shift of premenopause also causes weight gain that tends to sit around the hips and lower stomach.
Tags: women experience, Most women, Most women experience, symptom premenopause
A mastectomy is the surgical removal of one or both cancerous breasts to avoid the spread of cancer to the other parts of the body. Recovery time after a mastectomy depends on a number of factors.
Factors
Recovery after a mastectomy depends on the stage of cancer and the type of mastectomy being performed. The patient's adherence to post-surgery instructions is also a factor.
Time Frame
Patients usually stay in the hospital two to three days after a mastectomy. Full recovery from the procedure occurs, on average, in three to six weeks.
Complications
Following a mastectomy, a patient's recovery may be marred by bruising, infection, arm swelling (near the area where the breast was removed) and limited arm movement.
Considerations
Physically, recovery may be completed in six weeks or less but patients may suffer longer with depression and issues related to body image. Therapy and/or breast reconstruction surgery can help.
Warning
Even after recovering from a mastectomy and receiving appropriate cancer treatment, cancer can come back.
Tags: after mastectomy, after mastectomy depends, mastectomy depends
Radiology technology programs in central California teach students take x-rays, ultrasounds, CT scans and MRIs. Radiologist techs, sometimes referred to as x-ray technicians or radiographers, also prepare, position and process patients during radiology examinations. Each state requires that radiology technicians be certified by the state board.
Bakersfield College
This school offers an associate in science degree in radiology technology. Bakersfield College is accredited by the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology and is approved by the California Department of Health Services. The radiologic technology program is 24 months long and prepares students for certifying examinations by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) and the Certified Radiologic Technologist (CRT.) Financial aid is available to eligible students.
Bakersfield College
1801 Panorama Dr.
Bakersfield, CA 93305
661-395-4011
bakersfieldcollege.edu
Fresno City College
Fresno City College offers students an associate in science degree in radiologic technology. Admission requirements include a high school diploma, a minimum GPA of 2.5 in completed college courses, a criminal background check and a written report by a licensed physician that the student is in good physical and mental health. Students may receive federal funds from the U.S. Department of Education to help pay for their education costs. Financial aid through the U.S. Department of Education is available to qualified students.
Fresno City College
1101 E. University Ave.
Fresno, CA 93741
559-442-4600
559-237-4232
fresnocitycollege.edu
Gurnick Academy of Medical Arts
Students who enroll at Gurnick Academy of Medical Arts will be awarded a diploma in radiologic technology in 24 months. Admission requirements to the Gurnick Academy of Medical Arts include a high school diploma, a minimum GPA of 2.5 in all college coursework, a minimum score of 29 on the Ability to Benefit Test, two letters of recommendation, one letter of reference from a math or science college teacher, one professional reference from employer, personal essay and completion of 40 hours of volunteer or work experience in the medical imaging field. Gurnick Academy of Medical Arts is approved to offer degrees in radiologic technology by the California Department of Public Health and is accredited by the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology. Federal education loans, grants, or scholarships are not accepted at this institution.
Gurnick Academy of Medical Arts
2702 Clayton Rd, Suite 201
Concord, CA 94519
925-687-9555
925-687-9544
gurnick.edu
Tags: Academy Medical, Academy Medical Arts, Gurnick Academy, Gurnick Academy Medical, Medical Arts, Bakersfield College, City College
Radiology techs, or radiologic technologists, are the medical employees that are in charge of taking your X-ray. They follow physician's orders and safety measures, such as protecting their patient and themselves from radiation.
Description
According to the Occupational Information Network, radiology technologists are in charge of taking x-rays. They also take Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scans. For diagnostic purposes, they also administer non-radioactive materials into a patient's bloodstream. These technologists may also specialize in areas, such as ultrasound.
Hours and Environment
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the hours typically worked by a radiology tech is 40-hours per week; however, they may work in shifts and work evenings, weekends, and on-call hours. There are many opportunities for part time work. A radiology tech usually works in the following locations: hospitals, labs, and physician offices.
Education and Training
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, hospitals employ most radiology techs. They look for formal training in programs involving radiology that range from one to four years. Employers will look for a certificate, associate's or bachelor's degree. Two-year associate programs are the most common for a radiology tech. Advancement to supervisory positions may require a bachelor's or master's degree.
Growth
The national employment as of 2006 was 196,000 employees for a radiology tech. Between 2006 to 2016, there is a faster than average projected growth of 14 percent to 20 percent and a projected need of 56,000 additional employees.
Salary
According to a May 2008 report from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the mean hourly wage of a radiology tech was $29.59, and the mean annual wage was $53,230. Annual wage ranged from $35,100 to $74,970 annually.
Tags: Bureau Labor, Bureau Labor Statistics, Labor Statistics, radiology tech, According Bureau
Many states such as Colorado require drivers to carry automobile insurance on their vehicles with certain minimum liability limits. Automobile insurance, or car insurance, is intended to protect the driver from financial detriment that may ensue after an automobile accident. However, the insurance company will only cover up to the amount specified in the policy limit. In Colorado, drivers are required to carry insurance policies that cover bodily injury liability and property damage liability. Collision coverage, comprehensive coverage, medical payments coverage and uninsured motorist coverage may be optional.
Bodily Injury Liability
In the event the insured causes an accident where another person is injured or killed, bodily insurance liability helps cover that financial loss. In Colorado, drives must carry a limit of at least $25,000 per person for bodily injury and $50,000 per accident for bodily injury.
Property Damage Liability
If an insured driver causes an accident where another's vehicle or property is damaged, property damage liability helps cover that financial loss. In Colorado, drivers must carry a minimum limit of $15,000 per occurrence.
Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist
Uninsured and underinsured motorist coverage covers the insured driver's medical expenses and cost of the vehicle's repair when the driver at fault does not have insurance or enough insurance coverage to cover all of the expenses. In some policies, this coverage is combined with collision and comprehensive coverage limits. In Colorado, drivers can waive this additional coverage in writing, provided their policy limits meet all other minimums.
Comprehensive and Collision Coverages
Collision coverage covers the cost of damage to the driver's car when the driver hits another car or object. Comprehensive coverage, on the other hand, covers the cost of the car if it is stolen or damaged by some means other than a collision, such as forces of nature. For example, if a tree falls on your car, comprehensive insurance covers the loss. These additional coverages are not required by law in Colorado, but many banks and financial lenders in Colorado require collision insurance on all cars purchased with a loan.
Medical Payments Coverage
Also know as Med Pay or MPC, medical payments coverage covers any medical costs associated with a car accident. In Colorado, insurance companies are required by law to offer a $5,000 limit in coverage for medical costs and include it automatically on all of their policies. Colorado drivers can opt out of the coverage, but must do so in writing or by telephone.
Tags: Colorado drivers, coverage covers, accident where, accident where another, bodily injury, causes accident, causes accident where
Crochet a pink ribbon representing breast cancer awareness.
If you have even a basic knowledge of crochet, you can make a pink ribbon to show your support of breast cancer survivors and victims. Wearing the looped pink ribbon also helps to raise awareness of breast cancer, and in doing so, often helps to raise money needed for research to find a cure. The ribbons can be made very quickly and use only a few yards of yarn. Considering making a lot of ribbons to give away at functions supporting breast cancer awareness and research. Does this Spark an idea?
Instructions
1. Make foundation chain and first row. Using pink sport-weight yarn and a size D crochet hook, chain 3. Single-crochet in second chain from hook and in next chain. Chain 1, turn.
2. Make row 2: single-crochet in each of the two single-crochet stitches of the previous row. Chain 1, turn.
3. Repeat row 2 until piece measures 5 inches. Fasten off. Clip yarn. Weave in loose ends.
4. Lay one side of the ribbon over the other to form a loop. Use a needle and pink thread to make a few stitches at the intersection of the ribbon to hold the loop in place.
5. Sew a safety pin to the back side of the ribbon to wear as a pin.
Tags: breast cancer, pink ribbon, breast cancer awareness, cancer awareness, Chain turn, helps raise
There are a number of calculations involved in determining the benefit of screening tests.
Screening tests such as Pap smears, mammograms and urinalysis are designed to assess patients who are of need of further evaluation for a specific disease. Screening tests help identify patients early in the disease cycle before the patient develops symptoms and should, therefore, improve prognosis.
Definition
The test's sensitivity is the ability of the screening test to accurately determine patients who have the disease. A test that is 90 percent sensitive means, for example, for every 10 patients with the disease, nine are accurately diagnosed, and one patient is given a false-negative result.
Calculation
To calculate the sensitivity of the test, patients with the disease detected by the screening test are divided by the total number of patients with the disease. Multiply by 100 to get the percentage.
Acceptable Sensitivity
There is no consensus on an acceptable sensitivity level. It depends on how widespread the disease is in the population being screened, alternative screening methods, cost of the test, invasiveness of the test, treatment and benefit of the test.
Other Calculations
The sensitivity of the test goes hand in hand with the specificity of the test. The higher the sensitivity and specificity of the test, the more precise the screening method. The predictive value of the test is determined by the specificity and sensitivity of the test and the prevalence of the disease in the screened population.
Tags: patients with, patients with disease, sensitivity test, with disease, screening test, Screening tests
Magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, is a medical scanning technology that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to scan your body and in effect draw a detailed 3D diagram. MRIs do not use X-rays and are thus generally safer to use. MRI technicians are individuals who have been trained in the use of MRI imaging devices and best position patients to get optimum scanning results.
Training for MRI Technicians
Training to become an MRI technician is learned as part of an overall radiologic technology program, which also includes educational components on medical dosimetry, radiation therapy and radiography. Radiologic technology training programs are designed so that you earn a certificate or associate degree in a 21- to 24-month program or a bachelor's degree in a four-year program.
AART Certification for Radiologic Technologists
The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists offers a voluntary certification program where candidates who have graduated from an ARRT-approved training program can take one of five primary pathway, and 10 post-primary pathway certification examinations, including MRI. Radiologic technologists typically have two, three or more ARRT certifications.
State Licensing
Most states require RTs to be licensed to practice in that state. The licensing procedure in most cases includes a background and reference check, being ARRT-certified, and/or passing a state-sponsored RT exam. State-sponsored licensing exams are usually modeled on ARRT exams or created in consultation with ARRT. Check with the health department in your state for specific RT licensing requirements.
Average Salary Ranges for RTs
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, RTs in the U.S. earned a median salary of $52,210 as of May 2008. The mid-50 percent range was between $42,710 and $63,010. The top 10 percent of RTs earned over $74,970 in 2008.
As the Mayo Clinic explains, genetic testing for breast cancer can determine whether a woman has a mutation in either one of the two genes that are responsible for inherited breast cancer. Genetic testing is far from definitive in determining whether or not you will actually get cancer; most breast cancers are not inherited and not all women with a mutated gene end up getting cancer. Because of this, it's important to consider the pros and cons of breast cancer testing before deciding to undergo the test.
Candidates for Testing
According to the Mayo Clinic, genetic testing for breast cancer is only available to women who have a high risk of breast cancer as a result of a personal or family history of breast or ovarian cancer. As the National Cancer Institute explains, you have a significant family history if you have at least two close relatives diagnosed with breast or ovarian cancer, or if you have close relatives who were diagnosed with breast cancer before age 50. Talking with a genetic counselor can help you determine whether your family history warrants genetic testing.
Significance
No more than 10 percent of breast cancer cases are the result of inherited mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2, the breast cancer genes, according to the National Cancer Institute. So even if your test results for the breast cancer genes are negative, you may still develop breast cancer. If the genetic test determines that you do have an altered gene, you are at a higher risk than the general population of developing cancer, but there is no guarantee that you will actually get breast cancer, as additional factors also affect cancer risk.
Pros of Testing
As the Mayo Clinic points out, undergoing genetic testing can help you determine whether or not you have an increased risk for developing breast cancer. If your test results are positive, you can take preventive steps such as undergoing earlier or more frequent cancer screenings, such as mammograms, clinical breast exams and self-breast exams. Taking medication or having preventive surgery can also reduce your risk for breast cancer. If your test results are negative, it may bring you comfort to know that your risk of cancer is not higher than normal and that you won't pass on an increased risk of breast cancer to your children.
Cons of Testing
As the National Cancer Institute explains, undergoing genetic testing for breast cancer also carries some potential disadvantages. If your test results are positive, you may have difficulty dealing with your increased risk of getting cancer. It may also be hard to decide whether you should tell your family members, as they may be affected by your test results. If your test results are negative, you may develop a false sense of security, thinking that you cannot develop breast cancer when in reality you are no more immune than the general population.
Before Being Tested
It's important to consider how you will react to either result before deciding to undergo testing for the breast cancer gene, the American Cancer Society emphasizes. If you decide that you're not ready to deal with the results, you can always delay the test or decide not to take it.
Tags: breast cancer, your test results, test results, your test, genetic testing, testing breast, testing breast cancer
Screen printing is a process that can be easily used by crafters. The most common application is using a sheer nylon or polyester fabric screen to print patterns on textiles such as T-shirts. Most inks used for the process are now low or no-VOC inks and paints. After you have designed and screened your art, the only choice you need to make is what colors you're going to use on your finished piece. Read on to learn pick colors for screen printing.
Instructions
1. What color are you printing on? If it's a light color, try to print in a dark color and vice versa. A color that is too close to the background won't be visible from further away than a few feet.
2. Decide what kind of color scheme you want. Complementary color schemes feature colors across from each other on the color wheel, like purple and yellow, red and green and blue and orange. They provide a lot of contrast because they each draw attention to the other color. A primary scheme features only the bright, basic colors of red, yellow and blue. A secondary scheme uses combinations of primary colors (orange, green, purple). A monochromatic scheme uses different shades of the same color. Remember to consider the color of your fabric and the subject you are screening when choosing your color scheme.
3. Certain colors, like red and black stand out on a white back ground. Some, like yellow and white, stand out on a dark background. If you want to use a light color on a light background, say, for a team jersey, outline the color with a dark color like the pros do. Remember, in working with a number of colors where one or more either touch or overlap, a background color must be applied first and allowed to dry completely before applying a second color.
4. Colors have emotional value. Dark, muddy colors carry a certain message. Pastels and bright primary colors carry quite another. Decide what you want your underlying message to be and what effect you want your art to have on the viewer before committing to a color or colors that might send a different message.
5. Try different colors out together before printing, if possible. Ask friends and family what they think. If you plan to sell your work or use it as a "team" brand, it's good to know what the public thinks beforehand.
Tags: color scheme, colors carry, dark color, Decide what, light color
Radiology techs must protect themselves and their patients from harmful exposure levels.
Radiology associates or radiologic technicians perform imaging tests such as mammograms, X-rays, sonograms, MRI scans and CT scans. Radiologic technicians receive instructions from physicians regarding the type of test and part of the body that needs imaging. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, or BLS, expects the occupation to grow 17 percent by 2018. Salaries vary by location and employer.
National Wage Estimates
The BLS report for May 2010 shows a mean annual wage of $55,730 for this occupation. The top 10 percent earned at least $76,850 and the bottom 10 percent earned $36,510 or less per year.
Industries Providing Highest Mean Salaries
Although general hospitals employ approximately 60 percent of the nation's radiologic technicians, such hospitals are not among the BLS' best-paying industries for this occupation, offering mean annual wages of $55,880. Services conducting scientific research paid radiology technologists an average of $66,910, according to the May 2010 BLS report. Universities, professional schools and colleges paid $63,330 as an average salary and office administrative services paid $61,580. Specialty hospitals, excluding substance abuse and psychiatric facilities, paid an annual mean wage of $60,550. Radiology associates earned an average of $59,120 per year working for employment services.
States with Highest Average Salaries
Radiologic technicians earned the highest salaries in Massachusetts, where the mean annual wage was $78,920. The BLS' May 2010 report also shows that the average wage in Maryland was $68,940 and was $66,040 in California. Annual mean wages in Nevada were $65,960 and $65,930 in the District of Columbia. West Virginia reported the lowest average wages ($42,920) of any state for this occupation.
Metropolitan Areas with Highest Mean Salaries
Massachusetts' Boston-Quincy-Cambridge metropolitan area offered the highest average wages of any city in the country. Radiology technicians earned an average of $89,690, according to the May 2010 report from the BLS. California cities claimed positions two through nine on the May 2010 BLS listing of the 10 best-paying metropolitan areas. In the San Jose area, average salaries were $82,200 and they were $77,150 in the Oakland-Hayward-Fremont area. Radiology technicians earned an average of $76,720 in the Napa area and $74,870 in the San Francisco-Redwood City-San Mateo metropolitan area. Earnings were $74,790 in the Vallejo area, $72,360 in Salinas, $72,350 in Modesto and $70,020 in the greater Sacramento area. The Bethesda-Gaithersburg metropolitan area of Maryland ranked tenth on the list with annual mean wages of $69,610.
Tags: 2010 report, earned average, mean annual, metropolitan area, technicians earned, this occupation, according 2010
There are radiology technician programs on Long Island.
Long Island, New York, has radiology technology programs that confer a certificate, associate or bachelor degree upon completion. As radiology technicians, graduates of these programs will provide specialized medical services using radioactive materials to help diagnose and treat illnesses such as cancer.
Nassau Community College
Students in the radiologic technology program at Nassau Community College receive an associate of applied science degree at the end of the two-year program. Admission requirements for high-school applicants include a rank in the upper 50 percent of the senior class, one year each of biology, chemistry or physics and two years of math. For applicants who have previously attended college, admission requirements include college-level English composition, math and anatomy and physiology with a minimum 2.5 GPA. Applications can be obtained and subsequently submitted in person only. Applicants selected for an interview must first complete a two-hour observation in a radiology facility. Once accepted, students matriculate in the fall.
Nassau Community College
1 Education Dr
Garden City, NY 11530
516-572-7501
ncc.edu
Mercy Medical Center
For admission to the School of Radiography at Mercy Medical Center, applicants must have a high school diploma or GED, at least an associate degree, passing scores on the program’s entrance exam and an essay written after a clinical observation. Once admitted, students must provide proof of a physical exam and submit to a drug screening. The program admits students in the fall only, takes 24 months to complete and confers a certificate upon completion.
Mercy Medical Center
1000 North Village Ave
P.O. Box 9024
Rockville Centre, NY 11571
516-705-2525
mercymedicalcenter.chsli.org
St. John’s University
The two-year radiologic science program at the St. John’s University Dr. Andrew J. Bartilucci Center
confers a bachelor of science degree upon completion. Admission requirements include a high school diploma or GED, acceptance to the university, a personal statement and two letters of recommendation. Applications are due March 15, and applicants must be 18 years old at time of matriculation in fall of the same year.
St. John’s University
Dr. Andrew J. Bartilucci Center
175-05 Horace Harding Expressway
Fresh Meadows, NY 11365
718-990-8436
stjohns.edu
Tags: Community College, John’s University, Long Island, Medical Center, Mercy Medical
Obstetrics is just one field of medical sonography.
As of 2011, many careers in the field of medicine have a good outlook, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Demand for experienced health professionals is expected to remain high at least through 2018. Diagnostic medical sonography, which is the use of sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body, is one of these fields. Deciding whether it's the right one for you depends on your personality, your interest in the medical field, whether the money is right for you and your willingness to complete the educational requirements.
Instructions
Is Sonography Right for You?
1. Consider whether or not you enjoy the field of medicine. In 2008, 59 percent of sonographers worked in hospitals, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the people who come to sonographers aren't just pregnant women. Diagnostic medical sonographers check for disease or abnormality in the abdomen, breasts, heart, female reproductive system, brain, spinal cord and eyes. Sonographers may witness human pain, fear and sadness as well as unpleasant sights.
2. Consider the educational requirements. The most popular educational path to medical sonography is an associate's degree earned at a vocational or technical college, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Associate degrees take two years to earn, though pre-requisite courses may have to be completed before the degree program is started, depending on your skill set. There are also bachelor's degree programs as well as a one-year certificate program, but the certificate generally goes to people who are already medical professionals and who are adding sonography to their field of expertise.
3. Determine whether you are physically able to do the work. Though medical sonographers usually work in clean and well-lit work areas, they also spend 80 percent of their time on their feet, according to the Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers. They must also be able to lift in excess of 50 pounds on a regular basis, help patients on and off exam tables, be able to hear clearly, be able to distinguish colors, have empathy for the sick or injured and be able to communicate effectively with patients. Coordination and organization skills are also a must, as a sonographer must be able to complete the exam in a logical series of steps.
4. Decide if the money is right for you. In 2010, the mean income for sonographers was $31.20 an hour, or $64,900 a year, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. California employed the highest number of sonographers of any state, where the average pay was $77,260 a year. Massachusetts ranked as the highest-paying state for sonographers that year, at $80,000 a year, while San Jose, California was the highest-paying city, where the average pay was $100,240 a year.
Tags: according Bureau, according Bureau Labor, Bureau Labor, Bureau Labor Statistics, Labor Statistics
Argumentative research papers are a type of academic paper in which the writer takes a position on an issue. The writer then logically argues for or against the issue and gives reasons for his position. The writer also must briefly discuss the other side of the argument to show that he is engaging in a debate and not simply reacting from his biases. When writing about international topics, students can pick from a wide range of subjects, from military power to drinking laws, based on their personal preferences.
International Policy
International policy is one potential topic area a writer might explore in an argumentative topic. The researcher can explore topics such as military interventions, international student policies regarding education and visas, and international trade laws in general or as they relate to a specific country like China. The writer can support or critique the existing policies.
Power of Nations
The power of nations relative to each other is another possible topic. Researchers might explore which countries have the strongest military power or the most diplomatic power. The writers could even examine different types of power seen in various countries around the world. The students can debate which countries are the most powerful and why, basing their arguments on the type of power and the country's standing in the world.
Alcohol Laws
Students might explore topics related to international drinking laws. For example, students might determine whether the best age to allow people to drink alcoholic beverages is 18, 16 or 20, based on how the different drinking ages affect nations' rates of alcoholism. The paper should argue which counties have the best laws regarding alcohol consumption.
Driving Laws
Laws about driving vary by country, and students might explore whether these laws are beneficial or detrimental. For example, students might research age limitations and how these affect the countries' accidents rates, or they might study international laws which control vehicle ownership. Students could research public transportation in other countries and whether those transportation systems encourage or discourage driving.
Tags: might explore, drinking laws, example students, example students might, explore topics
Breast cancer is a disease that will unfortunately affect one out of every eight women, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine and The National Institutes of Health. Breast cancer treatment can be expensive, so it helps to offset a portion of that cost with a quality insurance plan. However, getting insurance after you have been diagnosed with cancer can be tricky, to say the least. While it might seem difficult, there are some steps you can take to get insurance even if you are suffering from breast cancer.
Instructions
1. Create a group health care plan if you live in a state that allows for the creation of single-person groups for health insurance purposes. Insurers are not permitted to deny coverage for pre-existing conditions for group care, so setting up a group of one can help you to circumvent otherwise stringent rules about pre-existing conditions. States that allow this include Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Rhode Island and Vermont.
2. Invest in COBRA if you have lost your health insurance due to having been laid off from your job. Although expensive, COBRA might provide one of the only avenues available to obtain insurance if you are suffering from breast cancer.
3. Apply for insurance within 63 days of losing your group plan coverage. No matter what state you live in, there will be an insurance company marked as the insurer of last resort. This company is obligated to accept all individuals previously insured who apply within the designated time frame. Do not delay in acting if you qualify under this provision.
Tags: breast cancer, Breast cancer, from breast, from breast cancer, pre-existing conditions
Many American women are insecure or dissatisfied with the shape, size, or appearance of their breasts. Small or disproportionate breasts can be due to varying factors: genetics, weight loss, child bearing, or breast-feeding. Unfortunately, there aren't really any "tips" to breast enlargement. You have to decide whether you want to undergo a surgical procedure to permanently enlarge your breasts--or, if you want to make them APPEAR larger by wearing a push-up bra or other enhancing clothing.
Surgical Options
Augmentation is a successful and common procedure. In fact, according to the American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, over 350,000 breast enhancement procedures were performed in 2008 alone. The US Food and Drug Administration has approved breast enhancement by use of saline or silicone implants. Before you make any appointments, research the procedure and identify a surgeon who is board-certified (the American Society of Plastic Surgeons is the world's largest certifying organization for this field and offers a referral service on their website). Next, make a list of educated questions. Then, make a consultation appointment with the surgeon. These appointments are usually complimentary and will allow the surgeon and his/her staff to answer your questions, examine you, and make recommendations on the size and type of implant appropriate for your body. Remember, don't be afraid to ask questions! You may be a good candidate for surgery to enhance your breasts if you are healthy and have a clear medical history.
Methods To Appear Enhanced Without Surgery
Ah, our old friend, the push-up bra. Although versions of this bosom-boosting bra have been around since the early 20th century, the newest push-up bras are designed to lift your breasts and create that "did she or didn't she?" cleavage. Clothing companies, such as Victoria's Secret, also offer "bra tops," which offer hidden padding to suggest bigger cleavage.
Future and Pending Methods of Breast Enlargement
The future of breast enhancement may be changing. In a few years, patients seeking larger breasts may have the option for augmentation without implants. European scientists have begun developing and studying the method of injecting hylauronic acid into breasts to increase size and correct irregularities. However, this method is not permanent, and early results show that the procedure may need to be repeated every two years or so. Again, this procedure has not been approved in the United States but may be an option in the future.
Tags: breast enhancement, American Society, Breast Enlargement, your breasts
Chicago radiology technician programs teach students to perform x-rays.
The Illinois Department of Employment Security predicts that the demand for radiology technicians in the Chicago-Naperville-Joliet metropolitan area will increase by 20 percent from 2006 through 2016. A number of schools in the city offer programs in the field to prepare students to enter these new radiology technician positions. Found at public and private colleges and hospitals, these schools grant both certificates and degrees in the field.
Malcolm X College
One of Chicago's public city colleges, Malcolm X College is located in Chicago's Medical District, adjacent to the University of Illinois Chicago Medical Center. The college's radiography associate degree program is accredited by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) and requires approximately two years to complete. To enroll in the program, students must have prerequisite course experience in English, mathematics and health sciences. Clinical rotations for the program are held at 12 different medical facilities throughout the Chicago area. The college participates in federal and state grants and loans, and offer a number of institutional scholarships. Advising and free tutoring are available for all students.
Malcolm X College
1900 West Van Buren St.
Chicago, IL 60612
312-850-7000
malcolmx.ccc.edu
Northwestern Memorial Hospital
Founded in 1972, Northwestern Memorial Hospital is the main teaching hospital for the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. The hospital's School of Radiography offers an ARRT-approved, 21-month certificate program for prospective radiologic technologists. To enroll in the program, students must pass a criminal background check and drug screening, and show proof of previous college-level coursework in anatomy, algebra or statistics, and written and oral communication. Students in the program spend about 500 hours in a classroom setting, taking courses in medical terminology, physics, fluoroscopy, and radiation biology and protection. An additional 1,500 hours are spent in clinical settings at the hospital. The school also offers a bachelor's degree program at the University of St. Francis, in which students study at the university for two years and then transfer to the hospital to take professional courses in the field. Payment plans are available for the bachelor's program. No other financial aid is offered.
Northwestern Memorial Hospital
251 East Huron St.
Chicago, IL 60611
312-926-2000
nmh.org
East-West University
A private institution in Chicago's South Loop, East-West University has approximately 1,200 students and opened in 1980. The college's radiologic technology program focuses on radiologic imaging of the head. Accredited by the ARRT, the program culminates in a certificate of completion and requires approximately one year of full-time study. Qualified students can receive institutional grants and scholarships, and private loans to offset the cost of tuition. Unlimited tutoring is provided for students who need additional support and is conducted by faculty members rather than students or teaching assistants, explains the college. All students can receive career mentoring and job search assistance from the university's Career Counseling Center.
East-West University
816 S. Michigan Ave
Chicago, IL 60605
312-939-0111
eastwest.edu
Tags: East-West University, Malcolm College, Memorial Hospital, Northwestern Memorial, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago Medical
Body fat is the amount of good and bad fat on your body. Even though you need a certain amount of body fat to insulate the body, store nutrients and maintain a level of attractiveness, too much body fat can cause serious health and emotional issues. Those with a high percentage of body fat are more prone to heart disease, liver failure and other major medical issues. Having too much body fat can also cause the body to feel sluggish which can lead to depression. You can use a measuring tape to calculate your body fat. This can help you create and maintain a healthy lifestyle.
Instructions
1. Measure your natural waist size. This is the area located between your stomach and hips. Place the end of the tape measure above your naval wrapping the tape measure around your waist for the correct measurement. Record this measurement.
2. Measure the widest part of your hips. Hips are located just below the stomach and above the thighs. Record this measurement.
3. Measure the thigh and calf of your dominant leg (leg that is the strongest, usually corresponds to which hand you write with). The calf of the leg is located above the ankle and below the knee cap. Record these measurements.
4. Measure the wrist of your dominant hand. Record this measurement.
5. Measure your neck and record this measurement.
6. Use an online body fat calculator to determine the correct amount of body fat. You can also calculate body fat using this formula: %Fat=(163.205*LOG((abdomen)+(hip)-(neck)))-(97.684*LOG(height))-78.387
You will need a scientific calculator to perform this calculation.
Tags: this measurement, measurement Measure, Record this, Record this measurement, this measurement Measure
A crash cart is a mobile storage system outfitted with wheels and filled with medication and equipment that are commonly used to initiate advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) procedures. The contents and arrangement of a crash cart can vary from facility to facility.
Defibrillator
A defibrillator is a key component of any crash cart. A cardiac defibrillator uses an electrical charge to enable the heart to correct disrupted rhythm. It is often paired with a device to monitor these rhythms.
ACLS Medications
According to protocols established by the American Heart Association, some of the medications used for advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) are adenosine, amiodarone, atropine, diltiazem, epinephrine, ibutilde, lidocaine, magnesium sulfate, procainamide, vasopressin and verapamil.
Other Medications
A crash cart may also contain other medications commonly used to treat life-threatening conditions such as diphenhydramine for severe allergic reactions and naloxone for overdoses of narcotics, as well as IV replacement fluids, sedatives, anticonvulsants and other drugs, as determined by the facility.
Intubation Supplies
A crash cart is also usually stocked with equipment that allow health-care professionals to help maintain respiratory function in emergency situations. This involves inserting a tube into the trachea, a process known as intubation. Intubation maintains a clear airway and allows for assisted breathing techniques.
Other Supplies
A good crash cart should also be well stocked with various sundry medical supplies, such as syringes, IV tubing, scalpels, sutures, catheters, antiseptics, gloves and a "sharps" container for proper disposal of medical waste.
Tags: crash cart, advanced cardiac, advanced cardiac life, cardiac life, cardiac life support
Radiology specialist training demands accurate laser image analysis.
A radiology specialist training program is a workshop in understanding X-ray technology and computerized axial tomography scans. The program emphasizes the duties and skills of X-ray technologists and magnetic resonance imaging specialists.
Qualifications
Radiology specialists generally hold a bachelor's or associate degree in radiography, according to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data. Most professionals attend an institution that the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology has accredited.
Focus
A 2010 BLS survey showed that a newly hired radiology specialist usually receives practical training. Most employees require one or two years of training alongside adept radiologists, indicates O*Net OnLine. Radiology specialists learn remove and process film, explain procedures to patients before and after scans, and use radiation safety procedures to ensure patients' comfort and conform to laws and regulations.
Tools
According to O*Net OnLine, a radiology specialist training program helps attendees gain acumen with the tools of the trade. These include medical radiological positioning aids for general radiological use, hypodermic needles, medical X-ray darkroom equipment, or supplies and radiographic locators.
Tags: specialist training, Radiology specialists, specialist training program, training program