Cme Programs For A Physician Assistant

Some CME courses for physician assistants are offered online.

According to the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants, physician assistants are required to complete 100 hours of CME, or continuing medical education, every two years in order to maintain certification. CME is vital for physician assistants to maintain skills and learn about any new technologies or techniques available. Many CME courses are available online.

My CME Courses

Haymarket Medical Education developed MyCME.com to provide a range of free CME courses for physician assistants, nurses, nurse practitioners, physicians and pharmacists. Course offerings can be browsed by subject matter and include topics such as "Critical Challenges in Allergic Diseases: Optimizing Outcomes in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis and Urticaria." This is a 1.5 hour course offered online and is jointly offered by the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. The course's goal is to improve the treatment and diagnose of allergic rhinitis and urticaria in order to improve patients' quality of live and reduce medical costs. Successful completion provides 1.50 CME credits.

My CME

Haymarket Medical Education

25 Philips Parkway, Suite 105

Montvale, NJ 07645-1810

201-799-4800

mycme.com

Clinicians CME Courses

Clinicians CME offers a list of available online CME courses for physician assistants including "Noninvasive Modalities for Evaluating Angina," which is sponsored by Postgraduate Institute for Medicine. The course is designed for physician assistants, nurse practitioners and physicians who provide primary care to patients with a risk of developing coronary artery disease. Its primary objective is to most the most recent information available concerning the use of noninvasive methods for evaluating patients with angina symptoms. The course costs $10, takes an estimated 1.25 hours to complete and can be completed online. There is a 15-question test which must be passed with a score of 70 percent or better in order to receive credit for the course. Successful completion provides 1 CME credit.

Clinicians CME

Postgraduate Institute for Medicine

367 Inverness Parkway, Suite 215

Englewood, CO 80112

800-423-3576

jobsoneducation.com/clinicianscme

PRIME Courses

PRIME offers a series of online CME courses, many of which are free of charge such as "Stemming the Tide of Opioid Abuse and Diversion with Abuse-Deterrent Choices." The course is intended for physician assistants, physicians, pharmacists, case managers, nurses or nurse practitioners. The course's objectives are to improve identification of patients likely to abuse opioid medication, compare the various available abuse-deterrent technologies, evaluate the success of "abuse-deterrent formulations" in controlling pain and to evaluate the legal implications of current opioid therapies. Prerequisites for taking this course include possessing a computer with speakers, Internet access, Adobe Flash Player and a web browser such as Internet Explorer or Mozilla. To receive credit, this online course must be viewed in its entirety. Additionally, after completing the test at the end, physician assistants will be able to print a certificate. Successful completion of this course provides 1 CME credit.

PRIME

8201 West McNab Road

Tamarac, FL 33321

954-718-6055

primeinc.org/cme

Tags: physician assistants, physician assistants, courses physician, courses physician assistants, nurse practitioners

What Are Magnetic Foot Insoles Used For

Foot pain can be very difficult to live with, especially if you are on your feet a lot. The feet play such a large role in the body, carrying you from here to there, and probably never getting the respect or care that they should. Most people will tell you that when their feet hurt, they generally will have a bad day. Foot pain sometimes goes uncared for because many people put more emphasis and care into other areas of their bodies and ignore their feet. But the feet need just as much love and care as any other part of the body because when the feet get hurt or injured, it can throw your entire body off kilter.

The Significance of Foot Pain

Foot pain can be debilitating. When the feet hurt, it can cause you to walk differently to avoid the pain. This can cause you to use other muscles or hold your posture incorrectly which can cause pain and discomfort in other areas of the body; such as, the neck, back, shoulders, legs and hips. Foot pain has a ripple effect that can carry into almost every other area of the body.

Types of Foot Pain

Foot pain can come about for several reasons. There can be bunions that cause pain, stress fractures, callouses, blisters, plantar faciitits, tendonitis, stressed arch pain, foot pain related to diabetes, and osteoarthritis. Any one of these types of pain can make walking and wearing shoes unbearable. Sometimes people may wear shoes that are ill-fitting and cause pain. For some people, the pain may be avoided by the choices they make with their feet. For others, the pain is unavoidable.

Treatments For Foot Pain

Treatments for foot pain can vary. There are of course, over the counter medications, soaking your feet for hours in warm water, rubbing them or massage therapy, creams and oils that proclaim to relieve foot pain, and otherr types of foot insoles that are big, bulky, ill-fitting, and do not fit into all types of shoes. Sometimes people may have to have professional foot massages to treat the pain, and for some problems, even surgery may be warranted.

How do Magnetic Foot Insoles Work?

Magnetic foot insoles work by disrupting the nerve route pain takes to get to the brain. Our nerves send impulses from the point of injury, or the point of pain, to the brain to let the brain know that something is wrong. Once the brain receives the message, the nerves fire back and the brain allows pain to take place. The magnetic insoles work to break this chain of messaging and disrupt the nerves from ever sending these pain messages to the brain. If the brain never receives these messages, pain cannot ensue.

The Benefits of Magnetic Soles

Magnetic insoles are great for people who are on their feet a lot. There are many professions that their jobs require them to walk or stand for long periods of time. People in the medical profession are on their feet a lot, as well as many mail carriers, people in retail, waiters or waitresses, cooks, and others. The insoles can also help relieve mild, moderate, and severe pain for people with flat feet or too high of arches. Another positive benefit is that the insoles fit into all types of shoes; from tie shoes, to heels, to sandals. This gives the wearer many options to wear the shoes they love, yet get relief from their pain.

Misconceptions of Magnetic Insoles

Although magnetic insoles may help to relieve pain, it doesn't mean that there isn't a need to have your feet checked by a doctor. Despite getting either total relief or partial relief, it is always best to have a physician check your feet and make sure that there isn't a serious condition that needs to be treated, as well as the pain management. Many people may think that because they have controlled the pain, they have treated the problem, but this is usually not the case.

Do Magnetic Insoles Work?

Tests have been done on magnetic insoles with wavering results. Some people claim that they really do relieve foot pain. Others say that they did not get any, to little relief. Studies have shown that for some people, they want to believe that the magnetic insoles work, so their mind has told them that they work, when in reality, they did not. They have done studies using different strengths of magnets as well as placebos. Some people claimed that they got relief from the magnetic insoles when they were only wearing the placebo, or non-magnetic foot insoles.

Tags: that they, their feet, magnetic insoles, your feet, cause pain, feet hurt

Vascular Sonography Jobs

Vascular sonography is a growing career specialty within the medical field. The projections for job opportunities in the field are growing, and it represents a well-paid and rewarding career which can be attained without attending medical school. In fact, in many instances, it is possible to enter the field with less than a four-year college or university degree.

What Is Vascular Sonography?

Vascular sonography, sometimes referred to as vascular ultrasound, uses sound waves as a diagnostic tool to produce image of blood flow within blood vessels. Vascular sonography is used as a test for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other vascular disorders. It can also be used to test whether a patient is a good candidate for angioplasty, graft transplantation or bypass surgery, and to determine the rate of blood flow to chronic wounds or tumors.

Training for Vascular Sonography Jobs

Many two-year and four-year educational programs are available for training in vascular sonography, although two-year programs are much more common. It is also possible to train for vascular sonography jobs in the armed services. Students come to the field from various backgrounds. Training usually consists of courses in anatomy, basic physics physiology, patient care, medical ethics and instrumentation.

Workplaces for Vascular Sonography Jobs

The vast majority of vascular sonography jobs are available in hospitals. However, as technology allows more medical care to be performed in clinics and other non-hospital settings, positions for diagnostic medical sonographers are becoming more available in these locations as well. In some instances, diagnostic medical sonographers are employed to work for private physician practices of one or more doctors.

Earnings for Vascular Sonography Jobs

Vascular sonography jobs represent an opportunity for workers with less than four years of college to earn fairly high wages. The median salary for diagnostic medical sonographers in 2006 was $57,160, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Earnings were slightly lower for diagnostic medical sonographers employed in private physician's offices. The highest paid diagnostic medical sonographers earned more than $67,000 annually in 2006.

Employment Outlook for Vascular Sonography Jobs

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the job outlook for jobs in vascular sonography is favorable, with opportunities expected to expand more rapidly than the national average. Projections through 2016 call for nearly 9,000 jobs to be added, increasing from 46,000 positions in 2006 to 54,000 in 2016.

Tags: diagnostic medical, diagnostic medical sonographers, medical sonographers, Vascular Sonography Jobs, blood flow

Interpret A Thyroid Test

You’re losing or gaining weight without changing your diet and are fatigued or unable to sleep. You’ve noticed a change in the texture of your hair and skin, and you don’t seem to be digesting food properly. If you have these symptoms and others, your doctor may have you get a thyroid test to determine if you have an underactive or overactive thyroid gland. However, the numbers and initials that are your doctor talks about are confusing, and it may be difficult to understand the implications of the results.First, you need to understand what the thyroid is and what it controls. The thyroid is a small butterfly shaped gland at the base of the throat. It secretes two hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hard-to-pronounce hormones control the rate your body functions—everything from your heartbeat, temperature, digestion and metabolism to brain function and breathing. You may be producing too much hormone (hyperthyroid) or not enough (hypothyroid), and your symptoms will vary depending on type and severity. Your doctor may decide to run a number of different thyroid tests, but the most common is the TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) test.

Instructions

Understanding TSH

1. TSH doesn’t measure T3 or T4; it measures the effect the hormone released by the pituitary gland to signal the thyroid to discharge more hormones. Therefore, the higher the number in the result of your test, the lower your thyroid function.

2. When you receive your test results, you will see a number. A normal TSH test result is between 0.3 and 3.0. If your results fall above 3.0, you are considered hypothyroid, and if they fall below 0.3, you are hyperthyroid. These standards changed in 2003, so make sure your doctor is aware of the modification.

3. If you are hypothyroid, your doctor will probably prescribe some sort of synthetic thyroid hormone like levothyroxine or a natural replacement like Armour.

4. Hyperthyroidism requires a variety of approaches including anti-thyroid drugs or surgery depending on the situation. This requires clear communication between the doctor and patient. Don't be afraid to ask questions or ask for more clarification.

What Does it All Mean?

5. If your TSH comes back high and you are prescribed a replacement hormone, you will most likely begin to see results within a few weeks. However, your doctor may spend six months or more adjusting your dosage to best treat you. During this time, expect to have frequent TSH tests and possibly other thyroid tests too. Once the dosage is set, you need to be tested at least once a year to monitor your thyroid’s function.

6. If your TSH is low, you and your doctor will decide on the best type of treatment for you. There are a number of options depending on your condition, but your best treatment may be to disable or remove the thyroid. In that case, you will become hypothyroid and will be prescribed thyroid hormone.

7. If your TSH comes back normal but you still have symptoms consistent with thyroid disease, ask your doctor for a free T3 test (normal between 80 to 220) and free T4 test (normal between 0.7 to 2.0). You may also want to consider an antibodies test as well.

Tags: your doctor, your doctor, comes back, doctor will, free test, free test normal

Troubleshooting For An Olympus Camera Screen That Freezes

Try to offload images from the Olympus camera card.

Olympus cameras use a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen for playback of images and for composing the shots. The screen uses a similar technology to that of your home television or computer monitor. The screen is high precision, but subject to manufacturing anomalies--just like a television---that are common. They include black or bright spots of light that are not necessarily uniform. Other screen issues, including freezing, can be often be solved with troubleshooting.

Instructions

1. Charge the battery to see if the screen unfreezes. Low power levels could allow the screen to show an image, but not provide enough power to allow for camera operation. Remove the battery and memory card for thirty seconds, replace the battery and card and see if the screen unfreezes.

2. Reformat the memory card. Try to offload images from the card first. If the card has become corrupted in the Olympus camera, try removing the card, placing it in a card reader and downloading the images to your computer rather than using a connection cable between the camera and the computer. Replace the card in the camera and reformat the card using the camera.

3. Replace the memory card. Turn the camera off, remove the battery and insert a new card. Replace the battery and turn on the camera to see if the screen has unfrozen. Format the new card within the camera.

4. Place the Olympus camera in a warm place temporarily. LCD screens are susceptible to cold temperatures and may cause poor performance of the screen. Symptoms usually include taking a long time to turn on and color changes.

Tags: memory card, Olympus camera, images from, offload images, offload images from, screen unfreezes

Radiography Schools In Jackson Tennessee

Radiography helps train professionals to use X-rays.

The city of Jackson, Tennessee, is the home to Jackson State Community College, a school that offers a radiography degree. Radiography involves the professional application of X-rays for the medical community. Any technician or physician trained to use X-rays has an educational background in radiography. At Jackson State Community College, students can focus their academic career toward radiography with a radiography major.

College Major

Jackson State Community College provides students with an Associate of Applied Science Degree in Radiography with the successful completion of the major. Jackson State's program stresses that the profession of radiography requires professional knowledge as well as general medical knowledge. This is so that the technician can understand the medical images being recorded from an X-ray device.

Accreditation

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, college programs that are accredited by the Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT) are accepted as legitimate programs for radiography. This means that graduates of these programs will be accepted by the medical community as being fully trained in the profession of radiography. Students at Jackson State Community College should know that their school's program is accredited by the JRCERT.

Major Requirements

Besides courses that are focused on radiography, students at Jackson State Community College are expected to complete several other required courses. All students in the radiography department must take a communications course, which is a requirement to enhance students' communication skills. This course is beneficial for the future, when the students become professional technicians and need to communicate effectively with patients. Other requirements include a humanities course, such as literature or philosophy, a general psychology course, a mathematics course and a human anatomy course.

Radiography Courses

Specific radiography courses at Jackson State Community College include Radiography 101, which is an orientation course on radiography. Students must also take at least 60 college credits within radiography to complete the associate's degree (in all, a student must have 75 credits, the other 15 credits being from non-radiography courses). Some courses that a student may take include Radiographic Imaging, Fundamentals of Radiography I to IV, and several Radiographic Procedure courses that detail the daily routine of radiographers at private practices or clinics.

Tags: Jackson State, Community College, Jackson State Community, State Community, State Community College, courses that

Improve Depth Perception

Depth perception helps you judge an object's distance from you.

If you play sports, such as baseball, basketball or tennis, you know the importance of depth perception. Depth perception allows you to determine the correct distance between objects in a field. Without this ability, it would be very difficult to know where to aim or strike a ball. Depth perception is important in everyday life, too. It helps us navigate our environment while walking or driving a car. If you believe your depth perception is poor, a few exercises can help improve it.

Instructions

1. Hold one pencil in each of your hands, facing each other horizontally or vertically. Hold your arms straight out. Close one eye and attempt to touch the tips of the pencils together. This helps train your eyes to properly judge the distance between objects.

2. Thread beads on a 20-foot string. Secure one end of the string by tying it to an object, such as a door knob or chair. Hold the other end of the string and walk as far as you can to make the string taut. Hold the end of the string in front of your nose. Look at the first bead. If your depth perception is good, it will appear as if the string is forming an "X" around the first bead. If you see three strings instead of two, focus on the beads further down the rope. This trains your eyes to relax and focus properly, improving perception.

3. Give a partner a drinking straw and have him hold it horizontally 2 feet in front of you. Try to insert a toothpick into the straw hole. If desired, close an eye for more of a challenge.

4. Have a partner continuously move her hand, holding a penny, above a cup placed on the floor. When you think the penny will land in the cup if dropped, tell your partner to drop it. This helps you gauge how well you can perceive distances.

5. Play 3-D action video games. Realistic video games force the human brain to act more quickly, possibly improving vision. Stick to shooting or fast-paced racing games for best results.

Tags: Depth perception, between objects, depth perception, distance between, distance between objects

The Best Hospitals In The U S

The United States has a reputation for providing stellar health care services to patients in state-of-the-art facilities that are unmatched. For the past 21 years, the U.S News and World Report has provided a list of the highest nationally-ranked hospitals, and this year's honor roll highlights America's top facilities based on ratings of patient safety, the facility's reputation, death rate and care-related factors such as patient services. Here, the top three hospitals of the 2010 to 2011 U.S. News and World Report will be examined.

Johns Hopkins Hospital

The Johns Hopkins Hospital of Baltimore, Maryland, earned the top spot in the 2010 to 2011 U.S. News and World Report of the best hospitals in the United States. Johns Hopkins boasts more than a century of providing top-quality health care while leading the world in the training of physicians, developing diagnostic procedures and perfecting the treatment of disease. Johns Hopkins Hospital continues to introduce innovative therapy methods as well as advance modern medicine, particularly in fields such as pediatrics and child psychiatry, urology, endocrinology, neurosurgery and cardiac surgery.

Mayo Clinic of Rochester

The internationally-renowned Mayo Clinic of Rochester, Minnesota, is part of an integrated medical center, which also includes Rochester Methodist Hospital and Saint Marys Hospital, that has been providing first-rate diagnostic and treatment services to medical and surgical patients of every kind. The Mayo Clinic of Rochester also supports several medical research and education programs, which promotes a higher standard of care, learning and discovery for both patient and doctor.

Massachusetts General Hospital of Boston

Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) of Boston was ranked third in the 2010 to 2011 U.S News and World Report. This facility has consistently ranked among the top five American hospitals in the annual report. The original teaching affiliate of Harvard's Medical School, MGH is older and larger than any other hospital in New England. Since its founding in 1811, the hospital has proven its commitment to advancing patient care, medical research and the education of future doctors.

Tags: Johns Hopkins, News World, News World Report, World Report, 2010 2011

About Humana Health Care For Seniors

Humana Insurance Co. is one of the largest providers of health insurance in the United States. The company specialty is group health insurance plans for businesses, but it also provides Medicare Supplement insurance plans and has several Medicare Part D prescription drug insurance plans available. The company has hospitals, pharmacies, dentists, and other medical specialists who work within the Humana network to provide health care or health insurance to seniors and others.

Health Insurance

Humana History

Nursing Home

Beginning as a single nursing home in Kentucky in 1961, Humana grew into a chain of seven nursing homes under the names Heritage House and Extendicare. The company became Humana in 1974 and expanded into the hospital field, becoming the largest hospital company in the world at that time. In 1984 the company expanded into the health insurance business and began offering Medicare supplemental insurance plans for senior citizens.

Humana Foundation

YMCA Pool

Founded in 1981, the Humana Foundation has offered support to seniors groups and other community organizations. Working with YMCAs and health clubs throughout the nation, it offers exercise programs to help seniors lead healthier lives. In 2005 the foundation contributed over $7 million to nonprofit organizations and programs across the nation.

Humana Coverage Areas

Although Humana is a nationwide company, it does not offer all of its insurance plans in all the states. The Humana website Commercial Licensure page provides a list of plans and which states they are available in.

Senior Health Plans

Humana has three health insurance programs for seniors with several plans in each. Two Medicare Advantage plans offer medical coverage and prescription drug programs. Three Medicare Part D prescription drug plans provide coverage for part of the Medicare recipients' prescriptions. The Humana Medicare Supplement plan offers medical coverage only. The supplement plan covers portions of the medical bill not covered by Medicare.

SilverSneakers Exercise Plans

Walking Programs

The SilverSneakers exercise program is available free to seniors enrolled in Humana Medicare Advantage and Medicare Supplement plans in many states. Members receive a basic health club membership and are offered an array of exercise programs. In states or communities where the SilverSneakers program is not available, a walking program is offered. Members of this group receive a pedometer and exercise incentive programs.

Wellness

Humana insurance plans provide coverage for medical and prescription drug costs for medicare recipients and other seniors. Working with the YMCA and health clubs, it provides wellness programs to help seniors manage their individual fitness plans.

Tags: insurance plans, health insurance, prescription drug, Medicare Supplement, exercise programs, expanded into, health clubs

What Does Pd Mean In Football

Football is a game full of stats.

Because of the many positions -- and the split between offense and defense -- football stats can be hard to keep track of. The abbreviation "PD," is an acronym for the statistic pass(es) defended.

Defense Wins Championships

An incomplete pass is when a pass is not caught by a receiver.

Pass(es) defended is a defensive stat. Defensive players can accumulate "PDs" by deflecting a ball thrown by the other team's quarterback. However, this must result in an incomplete pass.

PD vs. Interceptions

Even if a pass is deflected, it can still be caught. If the offensive team catches the ball, it's called a reception. If the defensive team catches the ball, it's an interception. If the ball is caught, the pass defended stat is not applicable.

Other Football Statistics

Defensive and offensive stats are very different.

Statistics vary for each position. Each player, depending on their position, is judged on their specific stats. For example, quarterbacks are rated by their passing yards and touchdowns, while a wide receiver would be judged on receptions.

Tags: catches ball, incomplete pass, team catches, team catches ball

How Does Nanotechnology Work

How Does Nanotechnology Work?

The Facts

Nanotechnology is a science in its infancy, with unforeseen potential in its wake. Through it, science explores the molecular world of atoms and molecules with the intention of rebuilding and replenishing our usable materials, as well as creating new and improved materials along the way.

This technology works within the nanoscale dimension of measurement where one nanometer is equal to one millionth of a meter. This is the scale in which the atoms and molecules of our world exist. To manipulate components within this small scale, part of the challenge nanotechnology faces is the building of tools and machines that can work within this environment.

In 2007, $60 billion dollars worth of nano-manufactured merchandise were sold, though none were manufactured molecule by molecule. As of yet, nanotechnology has been used to create synthetic materials like bicycle frames, tennis rackets and steel tubing, all of which are lighter and stronger. The actual molecular manufacturing of materials has yet to be designed.

Features

The potential to remake materials from the inside-out opens up a whole new manufacturing process which uses the fundamental building blocks of our universe. This ability will allow finished products to be customized to order, meaning a myriad of possible product selections depending on what set of atoms and molecules are used.

Currently, much research is being done on the self-organizing capabilities of organic materials. The self-assembling features of DNA, proteins and enzymes are what scientists are looking to replicate on a molecular level. Nanotechnologists hope to incorporate these self-organizing principles within the process of molecular manufacturing.

Identification

One of the most distinguishing aspects of nano-particles (atoms and molecules) is how their chemical and physical properties differ from materials on the macro, or life-size, scale. Nano-particles are shown to be more volatile and reactive. This is attributed to the increased surface area these raw components are exposed to in the nano state.

Nano-particles can be a different color than their macro-sized forms. An example of this is copper, which is an opaque color, but becomes transparent at nano-scale. Some particles, like aluminum, a stable material in macro-scale, become combustible when reduced to a nano-particle. It's these types of material reactions and states that make nanotechnology a new, fresh field of exploration.

Risk Factors

The environmental implications posed by nanotechnological research and development is, as of yet, unknown. There are concerns that nano-particles, small as they are, can infiltrate areas of our environment without detection. Concerns have also surfaced regarding the more nuclear aspects of nanotechnology research.

Health and safety issues are under question in regard to product use by consumers, and for employees working inside molecular manufacturing environments. A study carried out by the University of Rochester showed physical residues of nano-particle agents in the brain and lung tissues of rats exposed to nano-particles. These residues were reported to cause inflammation and stress responses.

Tighter regulatory structures have been recommended, however it is undetermined as to what agency, or government body is suited to oversee the nanotechnological manufacturing industry.

Tags: atoms molecules, molecular manufacturing, Does Nanotechnology, Does Nanotechnology Work, Nanotechnology Work

What Do Facebook Emoticons Mean

Emoticons allow people to express themselves visually without written words.

Facebook emoticons refer specifically to any emoticons that are supported by Facebook's Facebook Chat feature. Any emoticon can be typed out in a Facebook Chat message, but only those that are supported will appear as corresponding images. Facebook is continuously updating its list of recognized emoticons in an effort to make as many as possible available to its users.

Emoticon

Particularly in the context of instant messaging and social networking posts, emoticons are used to textually represent the tone of the statement preceding it or the mood of the writer. In some cases, abbreviations can be considered emoticons as well. For example, IMHO (short for "In My Humble Opinion") is referred to as an emoticon because it suggests a certain tone. Emoticons can express emotions ranging from happiness and sadness to anger and confusion.

Facebook Chat

Facebook Chat is an instant messaging feature provided by Facebook for its users. It is the only feature within the Facebook site that will translate certain emoticons into corresponding icons. As of May 2011, it is only able to recognize a small number of the dozens of emoticons that have been defined. However, regular updates and user feedback help to mitigate the problem. Emoticons can be typed out in other sections of Facebook, but they will always appear exactly as typed.

Supported Emoticons

Most of Facebook's supported emoticons are also referred to as smileys. This is because, with a few exceptions, most emoticon icons are variations on a basic smiley face design. Variations include a basic smile, a grin, a wink, a gasp, a frown, a kiss, a crying face, an angry face, an angel, a devil and even a smiley face wearing sunglasses. There are also several non-smiley emoticons, including a robot head and a heart.

Meanings

Emoticon meanings are reflected in the expressions they represent. It is for this reason that they are often used to provide context to a written statement that could be taken in several ways. The emotion expressed by the emoticon tells the reader interpret the tone of the message and helps to avoid problematic misunderstandings. It is much quicker to type out an emoticon than it is to textually explain your mood in a short message.

Tags: Facebook Chat, emoticons that, instant messaging, smiley face, that supported

Radiation Treatment For Malignant Melanoma

Melanoma is skin cancer of the of the melanocytes. Melanocytes are the skin cells that produce pigmentation (skin coloration). While there is no exact known cause of melanoma, researchers believe melanocytes can become cancerous when the skin is exposed to natural or artificial ultraviolet radiation.

Signs

Early signs of melanoma are usually asymptomatic (without symptoms). Most lesions that form melanomas begin looking like a normal, harmless mole on your skin. However, knowing the grades of moles may help you and your doctor catch melanoma in its earliest form.

What To Look For

According to the Mayo Clinic, "looking for moles with irregular shapes, scalloped borders, and changes in color or size" can help you determine when to see a physician for a suspicious mole.

Treatments

Treatment of melanomas typically consist of surgical removal of the cancerous tissue, followed by radiation and chemotherapy.

Radiation

Radiation treatment for melanomas is typically used after surgical removal of the cancerous tissue, but is sometimes used before and after the surgery. Radiation therapy is used to kill cancerous cells.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is generally used after surgical removal of the cancerous growth, and after a round of radiation. While radiation is used to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy is used to keep any remaining cells from spreading.

Tags: removal cancerous, surgical removal, surgical removal cancerous, after surgical, after surgical removal, cancerous tissue, melanomas typically

Nuclear Technology Schools

Nuclear technology programs teach nuclear engineering basics.

Nuclear technology schools specialize in one or two fields of nuclear application. Nuclear engineering technology focuses on the development and maintenance of nuclear technologies for generating power, such as nuclear reactors. Students of nuclear medical technology work with doctors to treat some illnesses with small doses of radiation, such as radiopharmaceuticals.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MIT's master's doctorate programs allow students to gain theoretical and practical knowledge in nuclear engineering. Students may specialize in one of three sub-fields. Sub-fields include nuclear reactor technology, plasma physics or fusion technology and applied radiation physics. A five-year program is also offered to undergraduates at MIT who wish to earn a bachelor's of science simultaneously with a master's degrees in nuclear engineering.

Bismarck State College

Bismarck State College offers an associate's degree of applied science in nuclear power technology. The program is one of many featured in the school's National Energy Center for Excellence. Students learn nuclear physics, reactor theory and the science of radiological protection. Graduates of the program may transfer credits to a four-year program in nuclear technology or may get a job with a nuclear energy plant.

Excelsior College

The Excelsior College associate's and bachelor's degree programs in nuclear technology is sponsored by the Energy Providers Coalition for Education. The program focuses primarily practical applications of nuclear engineering. Students study reactor operations, chemical technology, instrumentation and control technology, and health physics. All Excelsior College courses are offered online.

Northwestern Memorial Hospital, School of Nuclear Medicine Technology

Northwestern Memorial Hospital trains students in the application of small doses of radiation for medical treatment. Students study radiation safety and protection, nuclear physics and instrumentation, and radiation biology. These courses build on courses in anatomy, pathology and technical mathematics that students take for their degree. Students also practice studies using state-of-the-art equipment, such as nuclear cardiologic imaging rooms and position emission tomography scanners.

Tags: Excelsior College, nuclear engineering, Bismarck State, Bismarck State College, doses radiation, engineering Students

Health Care & Medical Jobs

Heallthcare and medical jobs never go out of demand, thanks to the ever-growing human population.

Health care and medicine are two very broad career fields with diverse employment options available to individuals seeking a career in either area. Health care is a business that is administered by the government and the private sector. The Department of Health and Human Services, or DHHS, is the federal institution that oversees the health and well-being of U.S. citizens. Medicine is in itself a very large field, offering numerous career paths and specialties.

National Institute of Health

The National Institutes of Health, or NIH, has a very extensive list of career opportunities that cover diverse fields including finance, administration, information technology, clinical, laboratory, human resources, engineering, scientific, medical, biological, chemical, public affairs and psychology. The role of the NIH lies in research strategies and applications and fostering creative discoveries for the improvement and protection of health. It strives to develop, maintain and renew human and physical scientific resources to ensure the country's ability to prevent diseases.

Food And Drug Administration

The Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, is an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or DHHS, and consists of six product centers. The FDA offers careers in several fields including research, administrative support, analysis, quality assurance, medicine, biology, chemistry, physics and public health. The FDA is responsible for protecting public health and ensuring public safety in the areas of drugs, vaccines, medical devices, animals, cosmetics, radiation emitting products and tobacco products. It provides assistance with document review and analysis, quality assurance and regulatory status of submissions for products.

Government Medical Jobs

Physicians, nurses and various other health professionals can consider practice opportunities in government medical facilities. Government facilities offer a variety of practice settings, stability and long term earning potential for health professionals. Under government management and supervision there are hospitals, clinics, ambulatory care centers, medical coding and other healthcare providers that offer career opportunities for practicing health professionals. The career options range from support services to specialized physician and nursing opportunities.

Private Practice Jobs

As with government hospitals and clinics, private practice also offers a very wide range of career options. These options include doctors, medical specialists, surgical specialists, general practice, pediatrics and child health, obstetrics and gynecology, ophthalmology, radiology and anesthetics; dentists, nurses, hygienists, technicians and therapists; health informatics; healthcare science; nursing; medical management; midwifery and allied health professionals.

Tags: health professionals, analysis quality, analysis quality assurance, career opportunities, career options, Department Health

Argument Topics For Research Papers

An argumentative research paper expresses your view of a controversial topic.

Some papers that are written for school take a persuasive approach, allowing a student to argue his position on the topic. Any topic that is debatable makes a suitable choice for this type of research paper. However, it is important to choose a topic that is important to you and one about which you have strong feelings.

Politics

The topic of politics is always a hot-button issue that some people feel very strongly about one way or another. Under the area of politics, you can choose from narrower topics, such as the effectiveness of the two-party system, term limits within government positions, government control of health care and the effectiveness of the checks and balances system in place within the American government.

Church and State

A person's religion is a personal choice and decision. There are many aspects of religion that can be debated and many people have a strong feeling one way or the other. This makes it a broad topic to use for an argumentative paper. Some of the narrow topics in this category include prayer in public schools, religious involvement in government and school vouchers for secular education.

Personal Rights

In a country that was founded by immigrants from various parts of the world, you would think that issues of race and gender would not be a problem. However, that is not yet the case in the United States. This topic can be narrowed down into potential arguments, such as gay marriage, bilingual education, diversity in school curriculums and salary differences between males and females.

Media

The media is often the source of controversy. They often give a view of certain topics that lean heavily to one side or the other and sometimes cover things that some people feel is inappropriate. Students can cover this topic in an argumentative research paper covering areas, such as the rating systems, the impact of 24-hour access to news, what is allowed on television and whether or not parental locks should be mandatory on televisions.

Tags: research paper, argumentative research, argumentative research paper, have strong, people feel

Using Breast Cancer Teaching Aids

As soon as women reach their teen years, they need to start performing breast self-exams each month to check for lumps that could be early signs of breast cancer. Problem is, many women don't know perform these checks properly. Breast cancer teaching aids allow you to teach them the basics without high potential for embarrassment.

Instructions

1. Tell your students to look at their models to make sure there aren't any changes in shape, color or size. Have them feel the "skin" for any swelling, puckering or changes in the position of the nipples. Let them know that they need to do this twice: once with their arms at their sides and once with them raised above their heads.

2. Instruct students on check their breasts. Have them lay their right hand on the "breast" with their fingers flat and together. Feel it with the pads of their fingers using a circular motion. Each individual circle should not be bigger than a half dollar. Make sure they check every spot, from the nipple to the underarm, using light pressure in the center and more pressure as they reach the more dense tissue on the outside of the breast. (If you're using a balloon, you can designate each pressure area with a marker line.) Tell them they need to do this twice also, once while lying down and once while standing, so they can be sure to get all the angles. Once they've checked with their right hand, have them repeat the exercise with the left.

3. Explain what a potentially cancerous lump will feel like. In most cases, it will be an irregular shape and will have a hard and dimpled surface. Pass around a couple golf balls or a tightly packed bag of pebbles to give students a good example. Tell them that--if they feel anything like this--they are to contact a doctor immediately. The survival rate is much higher when cancer is caught early.

4. Remind everyone that they still need to get their breasts checked by a gynecologist once a year when they go in for their regular exam.

Tags: they need, with their, Have them, need this, need this twice, once while

Keep Wellinformed

Staying on top of current events is a habit worth developing. You can do this by reading newspapers in the morning or making the time to check your favorite news station. Whatever means you choose, it can be important to stay in touch with what's going on in the world.

Instructions

1. Subscribe to newspapers. Several national papers can be delivered to your home, or you can subscribe to your local paper. Choose as many as you think you'll read and benefit from. Make sure you read the papers you order daily. But ignore the junk news, the gossip that can consume too much of your time without giving you any information of value. You can also visit online to check out your favorite papers from all over the world.

2. Make a habit of watching a national newscast at least once a day. Whether you choose a morning show that blends news and entertainment or you prefer a strictly news report, you'll be caught up in a short time each day. For variety and different perspective, tune into the BBC News if you get it in your area.

3. Log into a news website. Your local radio and television stations are likely to be online along with national news organizations. In fact, you can access news sources from around the world. Find the ones you like the best and take a few minutes several times a day to browse through them for updates and breaking news.

4. Download a live feed to your desktop. Most news organizations offer such a service that shows a pop-up to alert you to breaking news.

5. Turn on a news radio station. You can continue your daily routine and still be apprised of current events.

6. Read books that offer solidly researched, alternative viewpoints of history that you can't find in mainstream publications. Subscribe to at least two different political magazines with opposing viewpoints to hear both sides.

Tags: breaking news, check your, check your favorite, current events, news organizations

What Is A Medicare Part A Deductible

Medicare is federally funded health insurance for people age 65 and older and individuals with qualifying medical conditions. Medicare Part A is hospital insurance that covers eligible hospital and skilled nursing facility costs. The Medicare Part A deductible is the amount that you pay before Medicare starts to pay the costs.

Benefit Periods

To understand the Medicare Part A deductible, you first need to understand benefit periods. A benefit period begins on the day you go into a hospital or skilled nursing facility. If your stay in a hospital or skilled nursing facility is less than 60 consecutive days, the benefit period ends. If you go into a hospital or skilled nursing facility after the end of a benefit period, a new benefit period begins.

Part A Deductible

You pay a Medicare Part A deductible for each benefit period. In 2011, the deductible was $1,132.

Part A Hospital Coverage

During each benefit period, Part A covers a semiprivate hospital room, meals and eligible hospital services for up to 90 days. After you pay the deductible, Medicare pays all covered charges for the first 60 days you are in a hospital. From day 61 through 90, you pay coinsurance of $283 a day. After 90 days, you pay all hospital charges, unless you have not used your 60 lifetime reserve days.

Reserve Days

Medicare Part A gives you 60 lifetime reserve days that will pay for hospital costs beyond the usual 90-day limit. You can use these reserve days any time you are in the hospital for more than 90 days; but once you use the 60 reserve days, you do not get any more. With reserve days, you pay coinsurance of $566 a day.

Nursing Facility Coverage

If you have a covered hospital stay of at least three days and then go into a skilled nursing facility, Medicare pays all eligible nursing facility costs for the first 20 days during that benefit period. For days 21 through 100, you pay coinsurance of $141.50 a day. You pay all costs after day 100.

Tags: benefit period, Medicare Part, skilled nursing, skilled nursing facility, hospital skilled, hospital skilled nursing

Equipment Needed For Athome Transcription

A home transcription business allows the person to work from home while providing a much-needed service to businesses by transcribing their audio files. Home transcription can be medical or legal and may include transcribing doctor's notes, conferences, phone calls or other important audio files. In order to get started in home transcription, you need certain basic equipment.

Hardware

One must have an up-to-date computer containing certain minimum requirements. Your computer should have at least 256 MB RAM, a 20 GB hard disk and a CPU (central processing unit) at a speed of no less than 2.2 GHz. You will also need a foot pedal and headphones. A foot pedal is a machine that allows you to control the playback of the audio file with your foot so you can keep both hands free to type. Headphones are necessary to hear the files distinctly.

Software

Medical transcriptionists will need a medical dictionary software program. For any type of transcription, it is advisable to obtain the latest version of Microsoft Office so you can send your completed documents in the format that your client prefers. You can also use Open Office instead of Microsoft Office. It is a free version of the software that is completely compatible with Microsoft Office and saves you this expense. You should also invest in line-counter software. This software automatically counts the lines of your finished product, and since you charge per line, this calculation can be entered on your invoice to your clients.

Playback Software

Although a foot pedal is the best way to do transcription since it speeds up the process by leaving you hands free, there are also software programs such as Express Scribe that connect to your Word program and allow you to control the speed of the playback with hot keys on your computer. Simply download Express Scribe (it is free) and then use it to open the audio files you receive. You will be able to stop, start, slow down, speed up and normal play just by touching a key on your keyboard while you type.

Transcriber Machine

Some clients may have audio files available on tapes. Instead of being able to send you these files over the Internet, you may have to go to your client's office and pick up the tapes. You can then use any cassette recorder to play them back to transcribe them, but a transcriber machine gives you more control over the playback. The transcriber machine provides controls to stop, start, speed up and slow down the tape as well as allowing you to choose functions such as advancing the tape to a preset place that the dictator provided. Consider buying this machine if a large part of your work will be local work where you pick up audio cassette tape files.

Other Equipment

You should consider investing in a fax machine, since your clients may need to fax instructions to you or you may need to fax an invoice to your clients. You can invest in an all-in-one fax, copier, printer and scanner to be completely prepared for any needs your clients may have. If your client wants the finished product printed out and mailed, you will have the printer available.

Tags: audio files, your clients, foot pedal, Microsoft Office, your client, clients have, Express Scribe

Medical Coding Certification Training

Medical coders receive training in a couple of ways.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, it is common for medical coding technicians to have an associate degree, specifically in medical coding. Interestingly, however, all of the certifications for medical coding don't require you to have a medical coding degree. Some of them recommend that you take their training courses to prepare for their certification exam.

Certifying Bodies

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there are several organizations that offer certification programs for medical coders. These include the American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA), the American Academy of Professional Coders (AAPC), the Board of Medical Specialty Coding (BMSC), the Professional Association of Healthcare Coding Specialists (PAHCS) and the National Cancer Registrars Association (NCRA). Training for these certifications varies based on what the organization recommends.

Training Through Organizations

The AAPC, the PAHCS and the NCRA all recommend that you use their medical coding training products. The AAPC has the most extensive offerings with both online and classroom courses as well as ones specifically to prepare for their certification exam. To attain their medical coder credential, they also recommend that you take courses in medical terminology and anatomy and their preparation course. They also recommend that you use their study guide, workbook and review class according to AAPC. The last part of the training for this certification is a practice exam.

Medical Coding Degree

Though only the AHIMA and NCRA certifications require an associate degree, these programs may help train you for any medical coding certification. These programs are generally accredited through the Commission on Accreditation for Health Informatics and Information Management Education (CAHIIM), and typically last two years. They cover many of the things that you would learn in a review course for certification, but may provide you with a firmer base in medical coding.

Example Program

Camden County College provides a good example of a CAHIM accredited medical coding program. This two-year program requires you to complete 67 credits. Courses include general studies like English composition and statistics, but most of them are ones related to medical coding, according to Camden County College. You must take introduction to health information, medical terminology, healthcare reimbursement, basic pharmacology and pathophysiology and advanced ambulatory coding. The program also includes technical and professional practice experience.

Examination Content

One of the main purposes of all of the training options is to prepare you for a certification exam. As such, they include topics that you would see on the certification exam. Examinations, such as the one given through AHIMA, cover overall domains like health data management to health statistics, biomedical research and quality management, health services organization delivery, and information technology and systems. The AAPC exam covers topics from anesthesia to radiology and from the endocrine system to basic medical terminology.

Tags: medical coding, certification exam, recommend that, medical terminology, According Bureau, According Bureau Labor, also recommend

The Best Time Of The Month To Get Pregnant

While you may think that it's possible to conceive any time of the month, there are some definite days of the month when you are more likely to get pregnant. Women are most fertile during the ovulation period of their menstrual cycle. For the average woman who has a 28-day menstrual cycle, ovulation will usually fall on day 14. Once the egg is released, there is a window of about 24 hours when conception can occur. To increase your odds of getting pregnant, follow these steps.

Instructions

1. Know your date of ovulation. Ovulation usually occurs 14 days after you begin menstruation, so count forward 14 days after you start your period and plan to have intercourse a few days before, around day 11 or 12. Have intercourse every other day until day 16. Waiting a day in between will allow the semen count to build up.

2. Use an ovulation predictor test. Ovulation predictor tests detect the level of luteinizing hormone. This hormone triggers the release of an egg. Ovulation kits can detect this hormone surge and alert you to when ovulation is about to occur.

3. Take your basal body temperature. When you take your body temperature every morning, you can detect changes in your temperature. When your temperature rises above the normal baseline, it is an indication ovulation is about to happen. The temperature increase is thought to help create a warmer environment to facilitate conception.

4. Check your cervical mucus. Before ovulation begins, you will notice that your cervical mucus will become thicker and slippery. This indicates fertile mucus. Having intercourse during this time will increase your chances of conception. This is the most effective method for predicting the best time of the month to get pregnant for women who experience irregular cycles.

5. Have a lab workup. A reproductive endocrinologist can do regular blood work to analyze your hormones and gain insight into when you are most fertile. Based on an analysis of your hormone levels, she can recommend the best time of month for you to try to conceive. This can be helpful for women who have irregular cycles.

Tags: time month, best time, best time month, body temperature, cervical mucus, days after, increase your

Space Frame Technology

Architectural innovations

Innovations in frame design for any form of construction are revolutionizing many industries. In particular, space frame technology is a versatile technique that lends itself to nearly any engineering task. By changing many aspects of product design as well as the construction process, an entirely new approach to manufacture and application is opening doors in almost every field.

Design

Space frame technology is based on interlocking and repeating patterns to create combined strength from the natural support of smaller, simple structures. Many designs use a multitude of triangular constructs to create a larger item that holds together without the need for additional structural elements. Other patterns involve tetrahedrons or additional geometric shapes, also placed in a repetitive formation to reinforce an overall structure.

History

The development of space frame technology is based on multiple independent efforts by a variety of inventors working in diverse fields. The first known attempt to construct a space frame was by Alexander Graham Bell, who applied the idea to flight engineering. Decades later, architects would create the geodesic dome, the first widespread applied space frame design. Uses for space frame technology have rapidly accelerated in the time since.

Construction

According to the U.S. Department of Energy, a major benefit of space frame technology is the significant reduction in parts necessary to construct an item. This also leads to a much lower weight of the final product. The process of building is simplified and many tools are no longer necessary when a space frame design is implemented. This further reduces costs and completion time and involves less labor. Yet, the results are often superior to a more traditional design.

Scale

The increased strength-to-weight ratio of space frame technology yields products that are not otherwise possible using older design processes. The famous Navy Pier in Chicago utilized a space frame roof to reduce the need for additional forms of support. The design allowed the roof to span further with its own intrinsic skeleton, eliminating awkward columnar supports to open up space.

Vehicles

The future of car design may exploit space frames to benefit cost and performance. Ferrari and Alcoa have joined efforts in this pursuit to lead the development of aluminum space frames for future generations. Already, models for the Modena car, the 612 Scaglietti and the F430 demonstrate the realization of space frame technology in the automobile.

Tags: space frame, frame technology, space frame technology, frame design, space frame, frame technology, frame technology based

What Are The Treatments For Lumbar Tethered Spinal Cord

A tethered spinal cord is a condition that usually occurs in children and causes the lumbar vertebrae of the lower back to be tethered to part of the spinal column. The spinal cord normally moves freely within the spinal column.

Early Surgery

According to New York Presbyterian Hospital, surgery is the preferred treatment for a tethered spinal cord, and early surgery helps prevent nerve function deterioration.

Repair Abnormalities

A surgeon repairs spinal abnormalities or unusual protrusions in the spinal column that restrict movement of the spinal cord.

Monitoring

Physicians should monitor patients after tethered cord surgery to identify any retethering of the spinal cord.

Nerve Treatment

A doctor may cut nerve roots in the spinal column to reduce tethered cord pain if a patient cannot undergo a tethered cord repair procedure.

Symptoms

A tethered cord patient may develop a discolored, hairy or fatty lesion on the lower back, low back pain and weakness and numbness in the legs. Walking problems, incontinence and deformities of the hips and legs may occur with this condition.

Tags: spinal cord, spinal column, tethered cord, lower back

What To Expect In A Dot Physical

Truck drivers must undergo medical examinations every two years to comply with DOT regulations.

The Department of Transportation, or DOT, requires that commercial drivers pass a medical examination to ensure they're physically healthy enough to operate a motor vehicle as commercial drivers. The Department of Transportation requires drivers to have a physical examination every two years to comply with the law. Employers may require that drivers pass physical examinations more often than that to remain employed. Employers may also require drug testing when hiring commercial drivers.

Eyes, Ears and Throat

The doctor tests the driver's vision and hearing during the DOT examination. In addition, the physician examines the driver for deformities in the throat, which could affect breathing or swallowing. The examination also searches for disease of the ears, eyes or throat, which could affect driving. Drivers who wear corrective lenses can take the vision test while wearing the lenses.

Weight and Height

The examination includes a height and weight check. Examiners must note overweight drivers when conducting the examination.

Heart and Blood Pressure

The physician notes any heart murmurs and arrhythmias during the examination. The driver must disclose medical history of cardiovascular disease or congestive heart failure. The physician may order an electrocardiogram if the examination indicates it's necessary. In addition, drivers with diagnosed hypertension may be required to recertify more frequently than every two years.

Lungs and Abdomen

The DOT physical includes an examination of the driver's respiration rate. The doctor listens to the driver's respiration and orders additional testing if necessary. The examination also includes a physical examination of the abdomen to note an enlarged liver or spleen or hernias, abdominal wall weakness and abnormal masses.

Neurological

During the physical examination, the doctor notes any impairment of coordination, speech, reflexes and neurological responses. Any abnormal results from an assessment of neurological responses require further testing. Further testing determines if the impairment limits the driver's ability to operate a commercial vehicle safely.

Musculoskeletal and the Extremities

The physician examines the driver's range of motion, spine, extremities and musculoskeletal system for abnormalities, limitations and impairments. The assessment determines whether the driver has the ability to operate a motor vehicle. For example, a driver with a foot abnormality may not have the ability to operate the pedals in a motor vehicle.

Lab Tests

Drivers must provide a urine sample for testing during the DOT examination. For example, drivers diagnosed with diabetes controlled with insulin don't qualify to operate a commercial vehicle engaged in interstate commerce. Those who control diabetes through diet and exercise can qualify but must undergo testing and monitoring more frequently. Employers may require a drug test as a preemployment screening as well.

Tags: ability operate, commercial drivers, during examination, every years, motor vehicle, physical examination

Premarin To Help With Migraines

Premarin is made up of a mixture of estrogen hormones used to treat a lack of natural estrogen in the female body. Its most common use is to alleviate the symptoms of menopause including hot flashes and vaginal dryness. It is available only by prescription but is one of the most widely used medications in the United States.

Premarin for Migraine Treatment

For women suffering from migraines associated with their menstrual cycle hormone replacement therapy may be prescribed. According to the Web site headachedrugs.com Premarin is not usually prescribed in this situation.

The idea of the hormone replacement therapy is to provide a consistent level of estrogen to the body throughout the month. Premarin has an irregular rate of absorption and may actually trigger migraines. Synthetic estrogen is used in these cases.

According to American Academy of Family Physicians any woman with a history of migraines, especially severe migraines with neurologic symptoms, should consult a neurologist before beginning any hormone replacement therapy including Premarin due to an increases risk of stroke.

Conventional uses of Premarin

Along with the symptoms of menopause Premarin is used as a hormone replacement therapy for women whose ovaries are not functioning. It can also prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. In rare cases it is used as a cancer treatment for men and women.

Premarin Side Effects

Contact a doctor or emergency room is any type of reaction to Premarin is suspected. Adverse reactions can include hives, swelling of the face and lips and difficulty breathing. Medical assistance should be sought immediately.

Sudden headaches, including migraine headaches, are another possible side effect of Premarin.

Tags: hormone replacement, hormone replacement therapy, replacement therapy, symptoms menopause

Definition Of Developmental Disabilities

Developmental disabilities are disabilities that emerge during the years of childhood and adolescence and can cause significant impairments for the individual. An understanding of developmental disabilities is important for parents with developmentally disabled children, teachers, social workers and others.

Definition

A developmental disability is a condition that involves physical or mental impairments, develops before age 22, is expected to continue throughout the lifetime of the individual and is manifested through impairments in multiple domains of functioning.

History

Treatment of the developmentally disabled has gradually improved over time. In the 20th century, laws mandating that the mentally retarded must be sterilized were overturned, and a movement away from institutions and toward supportive independent living occurred.

Causes

Developmental disabilities can be caused by numerous factors, including both prenatal and postnatal exposure to toxins, genes, malnutrition and diseases.

Types

Most developmental disabilities can be placed into one or more of the following categories: neurological (autism, cerebral palsy, mental retardation), sensory (blindness, deafness), metabolic (hypothyrodism) and degenerative (Rett Syndrome).

Epidemiology

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 13 percent of children have some form of a developmental disability.

Tags: developmental disability, developmentally disabled

Apply To Radiology School

A degree and training in radiology is a prerequisite for most jobs directing medical imaging technology. The admissions process is different for each school, but there are a few things that you must do to apply to a radiology program.

Instructions

1. Find out which, if any, of your potential radiology schools have individual applications. Some schools still allow you to submit your records and supporting materials directly to their admissions office, but many only look at paperwork that's filed through the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS).

2. Tell the dean at your medical school that you wish to apply to a radiology program. Ask him for an electronic token that will allow you to access your ERAS application online.

3. Start working on your ERAS application during the summer, since most programs have an early October deadline. Write a personal statement explaining why you want to go to radiology school, your qualifications and your career goals. Ask the career services department at your school to help update and polish your curriculum vitae.

4. Contact the registrar's office at your current and previous schools and ask them to send official sealed copies of your transcript to the ERAS main office. You may also have to authorize the release of your transcripts on the online application. Take a small digital photo of your face and upload it to your ERAS account.

5. Review your ERAS application online before you submit it. You cannot go back to correct spelling errors once you've submitted the first 12 pages. Select the "Retransmit USMLE Transcript" option if you plan to retake any United States Medical Licensing Examinations and want your new scores sent to the radiology schools.

6. Ask your dean to write a recommendation, highlighting your performance at medical school. Most programs will accept these documents after the October deadline, but all other letters of recommendations must be submitted on time.

7. Update your contact information on your ERAS profile if it changes. Most schools will notify you by email or letter if you are selected for an interview. Keep your schedule open for the first few weeks of January since interviews are difficult to reschedule.

Tags: your ERAS, ERAS application, your ERAS application, application online, apply radiology, apply radiology program, ERAS application online

Questions To Ask A Doctor During A Female Physical

For most females, the first physical examination they experience is in adolescence, during which time a "physical" is required in order to participate in junior high or high school sports. This is called the PPE, or Preparticipation Physical Exam. It has become the standard care of more than 6 million teenagers and young adults in the United States. Although most females receive examinations as children from their pediatricians and health care providers, the physical examination of adolescence is much more thorough and evaluates the sexual development of the individual for the first time.

Before the Exam

Undergoing a physical exam for the first time can be a nerve-wracking experience, so it may help to have a conversation with the health care professional performing the exam before beginning. For many receiving the exam, it will be the only check up or health evaluation for the year, so it is important to make the most of the opportunity. Use this time to ask any questions about what the exam may entail, and feel free during the exam to continue asking questions. There are a few standard questions that can help prepare for the exam and may help identify or clarify concerns of the patient getting the exam.

During the Exam

The first question a patient may want to ask is, "What happens during the exam?" The physician performing the exam may give a detailed report of the tests, or may sum it up simply with an overarching explanation. If, at any time, the patient wishes to know more about the tests or the details of these test, she should ask without embarrassment. Usually, the physician will measure the health of the patient through height, weight, heart rate, vision and hearing and examine the internal development through applying a light pressure to the midsection with the hands to determine if growth is normal. The rest of the patient's health is determined through a series of questions concerning sexual history, menstruation and any possible symptoms of illness.

Frequently Asked Questions

"How often should I be menstruating?"

"Is my BMI where it should be?"

"Is my heart rate normal for my age?"

"Should I consider birth control?"

"Am I growing like I should?"

"Is my skin in healthy condition? Should I seek treatment from a dermatologist?"

"Are there any additional vitamins or supplements I should take to aid in growth?"

Tags: during exam, first time, health care, heart rate, most females, performing exam

What Kind Of Renal Tumor Causes High Blood Pressure

A tumor of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) of the kidneys (renal system) produces an excess of an enzyme called renin, which, through downstream effects, results in retention of water and sodium in the blood and constriction of blood vessels. The combined result is increased blood pressure.

Disease Mechanism

According to the seventh edition of "Vander's Renal Physiology," the renal system provides long-term regulation of blood pressure through the production of renin. Renin is made in the JGA of the kidneys. Renin production is stimulated by low blood pressure and decreased passage of sodium chloride (salt) through the kidney tubules. The result of renin production is increased blood pressure through fluid retention and constriction of blood vessels. JGA tumors produce an overabundance of renin, and the mechanism described is perpetuated despite the consequence of a higher than normal blood pressure.

Symptoms

The typical symptoms of a JGA tumor are headaches, increased urination and high blood pressure.

Diagnosis

In the Fall 2002 issue of "Reviews in Urology," Dr. Rubenstein and colleagues assert that diagnosis of a JGA tumor generally follows identification of plasma renin levels that are two to seven times higher than normal. The overproduction of renin is localized to the JGA through diagnostic imaging and microscopic examination of a tissue sample.

Treatment

The definitive cure for JGA tumors, state Dr. Rubenstein and colleagues, is surgical excision. Medical management of a JGA tumor is reasonable because these tumors are considered benign, with no reports of metastases. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are a logical choice to control blood pressure before surgery.

Prognosis

Although JGA tumors are benign, the condition can be fatal if not treated. Surgical excision eliminates tumor recurrence, but, as reported by Dr. Rubenstein and colleagues, 12 to 27 percent of patients continue to have high blood pressure after surgery due to vascular damage caused by previous high blood pressure.

Tags: blood pressure, blood pressure, Rubenstein colleagues, blood pressure through, blood vessels, constriction blood, constriction blood vessels

Medicare Part B Guidelines

Medicare is a government program that is broken down into multiple parts to provide various health benefits to United States citizens. Medicare part B is one section of the plan designed to provide medical insurance. Understanding the rules and guidelines for this plan can help you avoid confusion when you sign up.

Enrollment in Part B

To enroll in Medicare part B, you either have to be 65 years old or physically disabled. Three months before you turn 65, you will receive a Medicare card in the mail. This card is what you will use to show medical providers when you want to use your Medicare benefits. You will automatically be enrolled in Medicare part A and B once it is determined you are eligible. If you do not want part B, you can opt out of coverage by following the directions on the back of the card.

Premium

While Medicare part A can be received for free, part B comes with a premium payment. You have to make this premium payment in order to keep receiving benefits from Medicare part B. The amount you have to pay will depend on how much money you make. Most people will pay the standard premium amount. If you make more than the average person, you may be contacted by the Social Security Administration about paying a higher premium.

Coverage

Medicare part B covers a variety of expenses in relation to medical procedures. This plan covers preventive care as well as medically necessary services. For example, if you have to go to the doctor and have a test done, this insurance policy would provide benefits. Part B usually covers 80 percent of the covered medical costs. With this plan, lab tests, home health services, ambulance service, regular checkups and other medical costs can be covered.

What Is Not Covered?

While Medicare part B covers many different medical expenses, several items are not covered. For example, part B does not cover hospital expenses, which are covered instead by part A. Part B also does not provide benefits for prescription drugs, as this is covered by Medicare part D. With these plans, you also will not receive benefits for long-term care such as going into a nursing home.

Tags: Medicare part, Medicare part, medical costs, Medicare part covers, part covers, premium payment, provide benefits

Weird Symptoms Of Perimenopause

Weird Symptoms of Perimenopause

Perimenopause is the time between a continuing but fluctuating menstrual cycle and its eventual stoppage, known as menopause. It can last for up to 10 years, starting as early as the 30s and continuing as late as the 50s. It can also be a time of strange longings, desires, feelings and symptoms.

Types

Perimenopause manifests in many ways as hormone changes work their way through the female body. There are two types of symptoms: negative and positive. Discussions often ignore the positive aspects altogether.

Potential

What's weird about perimenopause is the lack of visibility these life-empowering changes receive in standard medical literature. The enrichment potential of the process is often ignored.

Benefits

According to Mary Ann Copson, founder of the Evenstar Mood & Energy Wellness Center for Women, benefits of perimenopause can include vivid dreaming, stronger assertiveness, an intolerance of having one's rights infringed upon and a deepened sense of wholeness, among others.

Significance

This change is part of a woman's full life expression. It alerts her to a critical transition, just as the onset of menses transformed her from a child into a woman. It is the tap on her shoulder that begins to prepare her for the evolution just around the corner.

Warning

Contact a physician if perimenopausal symptoms are severe.

Tags: Symptoms Perimenopause, Weird Symptoms, Weird Symptoms Perimenopause

What Does Breast Cancer Do To The Body

Tumors

The entire body is made of healthy cells. Over the course of time, these cells can occasionally become mutated and replicate. When this happens, these cells clump together and form tumors, or lumps. This can happen anywhere on the body, but the breasts are one of the most affected places. According to the American Cancer Society, breast cancer is second only to skin cancer as the most common type in women, and although it is rare, men can also get afflicted as well. One thing that breast cancer does is create lumps on the breasts. These can sometimes cause a bloody or clear discharge from the nipples.

Distortion

The breasts can also go through some other changes when cancer develops. For example, the skin and shape of the breasts can be come distorted. Indentions can appear on the breasts in areas where there are lumps and also the skin can become irritated, red and have a pitted look to it. The contour and size of the breasts can also change as a result of cancer.

Metastasize

When cancer develops in the breasts, the cells grow quickly and travel to other parts of the body. This is a process called metastasizing. The first place these cells usually go is the lymph nodes. The lymph system in the body transports a watery substance throughout the whole system that is used for immunity. When breast cancers cells get into the lymph system, it can then travel to other parts of the body and it can also compromise the body's immunity. The underarms are one of the first and most common areas that it spreads. If the condition keeps getting worse, then it can attack the organs of the body such as the brain, lungs and liver for example. It can also travel to the bones.

Removal

The body also gets affected by treatment for breast cancer. One type is called a mastectomy. In this procedure, the cancer has taken over a good area of the breast and the whole breast has to be removed. Local lymph glands will also be removed to help prevent the spread. Breast reconstruction can be done by extracting tissue from other areas of the body like the lats or stomach and a fake breast is then made. They are also made with silicone implants.

In a less involved procedure, a lumpectomy is performed to remove a small lump and some tissue around it. This can leave a scar on the breast.

Chemotherapy

There are some other treatments that can also take place with breast cancer, which can also cause some side effects to the body. Some of these treatments are radiotherapy, chemotherapy and medications. After receiving these treatments, the body can experience red irritated skin, hair loss, weight gain, vomiting and nausea.

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Private Health Care Definition

Private versus public is often the center of debate on health care reform.

Private health care offers alternatives to government-run public health care system. Private health care systems are most popular in the United States, with most hospitals operating much like private businesses. Private health care by definition operates outside the bounds of government control and receives funding only from patients and their insurance policies. Public health care systems are popular around the world, with debates constantly raging on the pros and cons of each system.

History

Nearly all health care systems in America operate on a private basis. This is not to say that the government is not involved in their operation at all. With inspections and policy policing, government intervention takes place on operational levels. However, finances are left in the control of hospital organization and the directing officials. Private health care systems trace their roots back to village doctors who treated small groups of individuals in an area. As towns grew, so did their need for health care; doctors collected into organizations in order to operate with more efficiency.

Advantages

Private health care offers many benefits to patients and operates around providing a service to a paying customer. Amenities are common, with wait times for service at a minimum and a large amount of attention paid to patients. Trauma centers are well-outfitted with a large network of care groups that cover the city network, along with many clinics and small family health centers. Private health centers offer a larger variety of treatments and health programs that are often unavailable in public health networks.

Disadvantages

Private health care is often available only to patents who have a good insurance policy that will foot the bill. The cost of health care in a private system is very high, and hospital organizations control price regulations. Uninsured patients do not have access to certain treatments because of the cost, and emergency treatment will often lead to a large amount of debt owed to the hospital system.

Effects

Private health care systems affect the types of treatment that are available to a population. Many treatments that are considered unnecessary will not be covered by a public health care system. A private health care system, meanwhile, offers a higher level of treatment to those who can afford it.

Types

Private health care systems range from traditional hospitals to family pediatric clinics. The types of health care found in private networks include primary care, nursing care, specialty care and drug therapy.

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