There are a couple of ways you can bruise or crack your ribs. You can receive a blow along the rib area, or fall heavily on your side. You can also bruise or even fracture a rib from coughing a lot, such as with bronchial pneumonia or whooping cough. The Mayo Clinic reports that your chances of cracking a rib from coughing are higher if you have osteoporosis.
Sharp Pain in Side
Bruised or cracked ribs can be very painful. Because you use your chest cavity to breathe and your lungs are always in motion, the pain is virtually constant. You may feel a greater pain when you laugh, inhale deeply, roll over onto the bruised side or cough.
Bruising
Bruises often appear at the area of pain, especially if the cause of the pain was a blow or injury. Bruising only sometimes occurs if the cracking was caused by a cough.
Pain Gets Worse
MDAdvice notes that the sharp pain will often get worse as you move about, bend over or press your side.
Emergency Signs
Broken ribs can possibly puncture a lung. Oregon State University reports that if you know you have a cracked rib and have difficulty breathing or have a sudden tightness in the chest, call an ambulance.
Time Frame
The Mayo Clinic reports that it can take up to two months for a bruised or cracked rib to heal.
At first, a visit to the gynecologist is just like a visit to any other doctor. The woman arrives and checks in for her appointment. She'll sign in and present her insurance information to the bookkeeper, and will take a seat in the waiting room. If she's a first-time patient, she'll also receive a form to fill out about family health history.
Prep Work
After a while, a nurse comes and escorts the woman into a medical office. Depending on the patient, the nurse will ask for a urine sample and may also take some blood. The blood sample is used for STD and cholesterol testing; sometimes, the office can give results by the end of the visit. For women of childbearing age, the urine sample can show pregnancy. In all women, urine may show yeast infection, bowel maladies and other signs of illness.
The nurse gives the patient a paper robe for the doctor's visit. After changing, the patient is weighed, and blood pressure is tested. There may also be a short question-and-answer session regarding past ailments or reasons for the present visit. The nurse then leaves and updates the doctor on what to expect.
The Doctor's Visit
When the doctor enters, she asks follow-up questions and prepares her equipment for the pelvic exam. It's now time to get into position--bottom at the very edge of the table, legs spread apart, feet in stirrups. Before starting the pelvic exam, there's a quick check of breast tissue for lumps and irregularities that can signal cancer development.
During the pelvic exam, the doctor inserts a plastic or metal device called a speculum into the vaginal passage. This tool opens the vagina so that the doctor can take swabs for pap smear testing, and also allows a good view of vaginal tissue. Using a speculum lets the gynecologist see if there are growths or cysts on the cervix that need investigating. The speculum is removed, and the gynecologist follows up with a quick two-finger insertion to feel the vaginal wall for any hidden lumps or growths. Finally, the doctor ends with a rectal examination, consisting of one finger in the anal cavity to survey for growths.
The End
At the end, the nurse comes in and tells the patient when to expect a follow-up phone call explaining any questionable test results. The office may also dispense samples or prescriptions for birth control or other drugs. Often, the nurse has completed STD and blood tests, and can give a report of the results.
Plaque in your arteries is a medical condition also referred to as atherosclerosis, which is preventable and treatable. Having plaque in your arteries puts you at a higher risk for diseases including circulatory disorders, heart attack and stroke. According to the Mayo Clinic and the National Library of Medicine, causes of plaque buildup in your arteries include dietary and personal habits.
Blood Pressure
If your blood pressure is greater than the ideal level of 120/80 mm/Hg, your arteries may develop plaque buildup more quickly than if you had normal blood pressure.
Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes can cause your arteries to become inflamed, which can make it easier for plaque to stick to the insides of them and build up.
Diet
If you eat a diet that is high in cholesterol, especially "bad" cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein), excess cholesterol in your blood can cause an increase of plaque in your arteries.
Genetics
If you have a close family member such as a parent, grandparent or sibling with atherosclerosis, you are more likely to develop this condition as well.
Overweight
Being overweight, especially if you are also inactive, can cause plaque to build up in your arteries due to a greater volume of blood in your body.
Smoking
The nicotine you inhale when smoking tobacco can injure your arteries as well as narrow them, allowing plaque to build up and potentially block an artery.
Tags: your arteries, blood pressure, plaque build, plaque buildup, plaque your arteries
A radiologist is a doctor whose specialty is radiology. Radiologists are required to complete medical school just as family physicians and other doctors do. In addition, radiologists who choose a sub-specialty complete additional training.
Description
Radiologists diagnose by interpreting medical images obtained from various methods including x-rays and radioactive materials or, in some cases, sound waves.
Radiologist vs. Radiological Technician
A radiologist and radiological technician are not the same thing. A radiologist is an individual who in addition to completing a bachelor's degree, has completed four years of medical school, followed by a residency. A radiologist is an medical doctor. Radiological technicians assist patients with preparing for testing and administer the tests. Radiological technicians need a certification obtained through completing a training program or an associate's degree.
Prerequisite Coursework
Being a radiologist requires completion of a bachelor's degree with certain prerequisite science and math courses, including organic chemistry and anatomy and physiology in order to have a chance at getting into medical school.
Radiology Subspecialties
Radiologists may choose to specialize in a field such as cardiovascular radiology, chest radiology, gastrointestinal radiology, musculoskeletal radiology, and pediatric radiology. These subspecialities require additional training.
Certification
In many cases, board certification is necessary for radiologists. The American Board of Radiology and the American Board of Physician Specialties are two governing bodies that approve certification and each has specific requirements.
Tags: medical school, additional training, American Board, bachelor degree, Radiological technicians
Calcium deposits can form in three different places in the eye--the cornea, conjunctiva and retina. The cornea is the clear tissue on your eyeball that covers your iris and pupil. The conjunctiva is the clear membrane that surrounds the white part of your eyeball and the inside of your eyelids. The retina is the nerve tissue in the back of your eyeball that detects light as your eye collects it.
Cornea
The cornea will exhibit calcium deposits in a condition known as band keratopathy. According to Wills Eye Hospital, this type of calcium deposit is the result of hypercalcemia, gout or renal failure. Each of these three conditions results in excess calcium levels in the body. The excess calcium is deposited in the cornea as it is transported there in the blood vessels. Chronic inflammation of the eyeball and exposure to toxic vapors such as mercury can also cause band keratopathy to develop. The treatment of band keratopathy involves the treatment of the underlying condition. It can also involve the instillation of artificial tear drops. In the most severe cases, a chelation agent is used. Chelation agents are applied to an area of the body to remove minerals such as calcium from the affected tissue.
Conjunctiva
The conjunctiva will exhibit calcium deposits in the form of concretions. Concretion.org explains that a concretion is a small, hard, yellow or white deposit. This deposit forms in the conjunctiva that lines the inside of your eyelids. Concretion.org states that concretions are most common if you have a condition that causes your eyes to be inflamed for a long period of time. The cells in your conjunctiva begin to degenerate. As this happens, other materials fill the space in what is known as a cyst. As the cyst hardens, it forms a small piece of calcium. The treatment of large concretions is to have your optometrist of ophthalmologist remove them. This requires only a topical anesthetic.
Retina
The retina will exhibit calcium deposits in the form of calcific plaques in the retinal arteries. These plaques are visible to your optometrist or ophthalmologist as they view the inside of your eyeball. Wills Eye Hospital explains that these calcific plaques break off of a damaged heart valve. The plaque is then transported through your arteries until it reaches an artery that is too small for it to pass through. It becomes lodged in the wall of that artery. The calcific plaque can become lodged in a small artery anywhere in the body. These plaques are most readily visible in the retina because the small arteries can be viewed during a routine eye examination. They can cause the artery to become clogged. If the affected artery is large enough, it can cause vision loss. The treatment for a calcific plaque depends on its size and location. Your optometrist or ophthalmologist will direct you toward the appropriate treatment depending on your unique needs.
Tags: your eyeball, band keratopathy, deposits form, exhibit calcium, exhibit calcium deposits, inside your, optometrist ophthalmologist
Movie screenings are advanced showings of unreleased movies, often used to generate buzz surrounding upcoming movies and to get feedback from audience members. These screenings are generally free and can be invitation-only or open to the public. Finding local screenings is fairly easy, especially if you live in or near a big city.
Movies That are Screened
Not all movies are screened. Those that are expected to do moderately well are often the most screened, as studios are eager to gauge audience reactions when making promotional and release region decisions. Movies that are expected to be blockbuster hits are also frequently screened to build word-of-mouth hype before an official release.
Finding a Screening
There are several ways to find movie screenings. The easiest way is to listen to your local radio station. Radio stations often sponsor large-scale movie screenings and invite listeners to call in or log onto their Website to find out more about getting tickets to these screenings. Local newspapers also promote movie screenings in this manner. Another way to find out about local movie screenings is to check on different third-party Websites. Sites like Film Metro and FreeMovieScreenings.net offer updated lists of movie screenings and often have links with ticketing information.
Types
There are two basic types of movie screenings: invite-only and open. Invite-only screenings are those in which those who wish to attend must submit their information to the screening party and wait to receive an invitation. These screenings often target different demographics, which is why invitation requests may ask questions about your ethnic/economic background. Open screenings are often not advertised and are promoted through word of mouth. These screenings are often held at very large theaters, and tickets are usually distributed using a "first-come, first served" method.
Tips for Getting In
Because movie screenings are not easy to get to, here are some general tips to observe when trying to attend.
If the movie is invite-only:
*Answer the invite questionnaire as honestly as possibly, even if your answers do not fit the "target" demographic of the movie.
* Follow up with someone involved with the screening. There will often be a "contact us" e-mail somewhere on the invite. When the screening is about a week away, begin inquiring.
* Don't accept rejection. If you receive a notice that you were not invited, inquire about upcoming screenings that you may qualify for. Don't be afraid to be persistent.
If the movie is open:
*Make sure to get to the screening at least two hours before the screening, trhee to four hours if the movie is very popular.
*Leave all of your electronics at home. If you have so much as a cameraphone in your pocket if a movie is overbooked, the screening facility can dismiss you with no questions asked.
Warning
While getting into a movie screening is fun, it is not the most important thing in the world. If you see that a screening is obviously overbooked or there are lots of hostile people waiting in line, it is better to skip the screening rather than risk your health. Never participate in an open screening where running to the movie theater is encouraged or permitted.
Tags: movie screenings, screenings often, About Movie, About Movie Screenings, movie screenings
Certified medical technicians conduct laboratory testing and analysis.
Medical technicians conduct laboratory tests necessary for the detection and treatment of disease. They may also perform clinical laboratory analysis with the aid of sophisticated technological equipment. The Bureau of Labor Statistics notes that employers prefer technicians who have been certified by a certification organization. The bureau also reports that the top paid professionals in this field made more than $55,000, as of May 2009.
Certification Organizations
According to the BLS, there are four primary organizations for medical certification. However, the National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel (NCA) and the American Society for Clinical Pathology Board of Registry (ASCP-BOR) merged, as of 2009, one year after the BLS report. The other two primary certification organizations are the Board of Registry of the American Association of Bioanalysts and the American Medical Technologists.
American Medical Technologists
The American Medical Technologists' certification process is fairly straightforward. Technicians submit an application to the AMT along with the appropriate fee. The organization processes the application and notifies the applicant of his eligibility via letter. The certification exam is multiple choice and can be taken at a testing facility or at the school in which the technician completed his training. Once technicians have passed their exam, they receive their certification card via mail.
American Board of Bioanalysis
The American Board of Bioanalysis offers six levels of certification in three areas of specialization. The board offers certification for laboratory consultants who perform tests and advise clients on the nature of the tests being performed. Two certification levels are offered for supervisors of technicians, a technical and general supervisor certification. Above supervisors, laboratory directors can obtain three levels of certification: Bioanalyst Clinical Laboratory Director, High-complexity Clinical Laboratory Director and Embryology Laboratory Director. As of 2011, the fee for each certification was $225, with fees varying from $100 to $395 for each type of examination.
NCA/ASCP-BOR Certification
The NCA and ASCP-BOR offer certification for four types of laboratory technicians: Phlebotomy technicians, histotechnician, medical laboratory technician and donor phlebotomy technician. Each field of certification allows the technician seeking certification to choose among multiple routes for obtaining certification. This involves a combination of education and experience working in the technician's field of expertise. Fees for certification vary according to each area of specialization.
Tags: American Medical, American Medical Technologists, Laboratory Director, Medical Technologists, American Board, American Board Bioanalysis
Prospective radiologists in Mississippi choose from programs at 10 schools.
The Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology lists 10 schools in Mississippi that provide radiology training. Upon completion of a radiology training program, students take the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists test to become a registered radiographer. In most cases, radiology programs can be completed within two years; however, some programs, such as the ones at the University Medical Center and the University of Southern Mississippi, lead to four-year bachelor's degrees.
University of Mississippi Medical Center
The University of Mississippi Medical Center offers radiology programs in specialties including musculoskeletal radiology, gastrointestinal radiology, emergency radiology, pediatric radiology, vascular interventional radiology, neuroradiology and other imaging specialties such as ultrasound, breast imaging and abdominal imaging. UMC accepts only five radiology residents each year. This program leads to a bachelor's degree.
The University of Mississippi Medical Center
Department of Radiology
2500 North State Street
Jackson, MS 39216
601-984-2695
rad.umc.edu/
Pearl River Community College
Pearl River Community College offers a radiology program in conjunction with Wesley Medical Center, Forrest General Hospital, Memorial Hospital and Hattiesburg Clinic. This program allows students to earn an associate's degree in applied science. The program starts each year in June and is limited to 20 students.
Jones County Junior College also offers a two-year associate's degree in applied science. Applications for this program must be received by March 1 to be considered for the following fall admission.
Jones County Junior College
900 South Court Street
Ellisville, MS 39437
601-477-4159
jcjc.edu/programs/medicalradiology/index.php
University of Southern Mississippi
The University of Southern Mississippi offers a health care sciences bachelor's degree that allows students to specialize in radiology. This program is appropriate for students who want to become medical technologists and may later want to attend medical school for an advanced degree.
University of Southern Mississippi
118 College Drive
Hattiesburg, MS 39406
601-266-1000
usm.edu
Northeast Mississippi Community College
The radiology program at Northeast Mississippi Community College includes 26 hours of prerequisite coursework before admittance into the radiology program. Students earn an associate's degree upon completion of the program. This program accepts a maximum of 14 students each fall. Students in this program must purchase a PDA (personal digital assistant), which they will use during clinical training.
Northeast Mississippi Community College
Division of Health Sciences
101 Cunningham Boulevard
Booneville, MS 38829
662-720-7396
nemcc.edu
Tags: Community College, Medical Center, Southern Mississippi, University Southern, University Southern Mississippi
Health insurance is the common type of insurance coverage that provides funds when you develop certain medical problems and need treatment. There are many different types of medical insurance; premiums, along with coverage limits, vary widely. However, there are several traditional places where you can get health insurance: from your employer, purchased directly from health insurance companies, and from the government. Without these sources, you can easily be stuck without health insurance until the new health care reform laws phase in by 2014, and you may be wondering what to do.
Benefits
The primary benefit to not having health insurance is the absence of premiums, which you may not be able to afford -- a key reason why there are millions of people in America without health insurance today. The absence of health insurance premiums allows you to focus on paying off existing loans and reaching a more stable position financially. The absence of health insurance also opens up negotiation options if you go to hospitals. When you are admitted without health insurance, you can explain the reasons to hospitals (low income, lost job), which makes hospitals more likely to work with you, especially if their policies encourage such actions.
Considerations
Not having health insurance can also be dangerous and costly. Most hospitals have strict rules regarding those who do not have any health insurance. They typically require all uninsured patients to wait in the emergency room where it may take some time to receive care. Private hospitals may refuse to treat you for nonemergency conditions if you do not have insurance.
Programs
If you do not have any health insurance, you may qualify for a variety of government programs. There are federal programs designed to cover those who have lost their health insurance. These are typically supplemented by programs offered by states as well for those who may not qualify for federal support. Many clinics have advocacy centers that can help you navigate application for this type funding.
Public Clinics
Public clinics are specifically designed to treat you if you do not have health insurance. They either have low fees or offer specific services free of charge. These clinics are often busy and may offer lower quality than larger institutions, but are sometimes the only choice for people without insurance. These clinics are often funded or managed by the Health Resources and Services Administration, or by states, as in a local county health department, and even by nonprofit organizations. They offer some basic services like checkups, either free of charge or on a sliding fee scale based on your income. Many also offer free or affordable medications, birth control, and treatment options for basic illnesses. Some also work to link patients with available government programs.
Individual
If you have lost your health insurance but still have some extra income, you can choose to buy individual health insurance. This health insurance is bought straight from the insurance company and applies only to you as an individual. You can customize your own insurance for specific coverage and lower rates.
Tags: health insurance, health insurance, have health, have health insurance, without health
A flyer is a single page handout used for quick and inexpensive advertising. Flyers are usually printed on thick, standard-sized paper and posted on bulletin boards, car windshields and mailed to homes and businesses. A medical office flyer is a great solution for announcing a new business or for informing patients that you've relocated. Incorporate basic contact information and visual aids such as a map insert to help people readily identify and find the right location. Add a photo of the office building including medical signage for added affect.
Instructions
1. Compile information at your workstation for the medical office flyer by using existing electronic files or choose printed documents. Group together the relevant office documentation. Find the name and address of the business, telephone, fax and electronic contact information, and the doctors' names and specialties.
2. Type the name of the clinic at the top of the page, followed by a list of names of the doctors, along with titles and specialties. Put contact information, office telephone and fax numbers, and after-hours and emergency numbers. List a general office e-mail address and a Web site URL if applicable. Leave spaces between grouped information to make it easier to read.
3. Insert a locator map that shows the street location, plus any nearby intersections that will help people find the office. Indicate your office building by marking a star at that specific address. Center the map on the page and leave space above and below so it stands out.
4. State the purpose for the flyer at the bottom of the page. Express the reason you are sending out the flyer, such as "New Office Location", or "Now Accepting New Patients". Use bold lettering, vary the font style and select a larger font size than the text above.
5. Review the information and layout of the flyer on your computer screen. Move sections around within the software program, adding spacing or try different font styles until you are happy with the layout. Print out flyers on light-colored paper for the best visibility.
Tags: contact information, help people, medical office flyer, office building, office flyer
Radiology training is available at some of North Carolina's colleges.
A radiologist must complete a full medical education and get their board certification. The profession makes up approximately 1.2 percent of physicians, according to the American Medical Association. They treat diseases using nuclear medicine and are most often associated with the treatment of cancer. A degree in radiology can be tailored to a more specific subspecialty, including cardiovascular, chest or emergency radiology. Three main medical programs throughout North Carolina offer training in this specialty.
Duke University
One of North Carolina's most respected universities, Duke University, is home to a comprehensive radiology program that combines lecture with lab and floor time. The first two years of the program are spent in class learning history, theory and preparing for board examinations, while the final semesters focus on real-world experience and patient care. Students are trained using the most up-to-date equipment available, and classes are run by experienced medical professionals. The program dedicates a great deal of its funds toward research; as such, students are encouraged to participate in clinical trials and other research endeavors.
Duke University
Department of Radiology
Box 3808
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC 27710
919-684-2711
radiology.duke.edu
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Leading in research and technological development, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill provides a complete radiology program. Students are required to complete degree-specific courses in addition to university-required general education credits. Students experience lab and lecture time, as well as annual visits from medical professionals in conjunction with floor time spent with patients. The program is equipped with top-end equipment and software, seasoned instructors familiar with the field and top-of-the-line research facilities. The university runs trials and research projects each year, several of which provide openings for students.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Department of Radiation Oncology
Campus Box No. 7512
UNC School of Medicine
Chapel Hill, NC 27599
919-966-7700
med.unc.edu/radonc/
Wake Forest University
Located in Winston-Salem, Wake Forest University features several medical specialty programs, among them one that specializes in radiology. The department of radiology uses facilities at the Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, which provides high-tech research opportunities. Each student must complete degree-specific courses, as well as internship, lab requirements and floor experience before graduation. The hospital provides access to an array of patients and illnesses, giving students an opportunity to delve into their specialty and experience a real-world application for lessons while being supervised by experienced professors.
Wake Forest University
Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center
Medical Center Boulevard
Winston-Salem, NC 27157
336-716-2011
wfubmc.edu/school/
Tags: North Carolina, Forest University, Wake Forest, Wake Forest University, Chapel Hill, Duke University
There are numerous drug plans offered by Medicare and many types are covered under Medicare subsidiaries such as AARP Medicare or Railroad Medicare. Many plans may also be determined by your age and where you live. The best Medicare plan for you is dependent upon your individual needs and health factors; the best Medicare drug plan for a younger person in excellent health may be much different than an elderly person in failing health.
Comparison
The resource below links to the Official Medicare Website; the link guides directly to the webpage for comparing Medicare Prescription drug plans. By inputting your specific information you will be able to view possible Medicare drug plan for you according to your age, health, current insurance and location. The comparison page will show you the monthly cost of the drug plan as well as other benefits to the plans listed.
Processing
If you currently have a Medicare card, you will be able to directly link to your current plan and view options of plans that you may change to or enroll in. If you do not have a Medicare car, in order to process your request for information available about plans, you will be asked to input your zip code, age range, health status, status of current drug coverage plan, current health insurance coverage and whether or not you received qualification for the one of the plans.
Current Medications
If you are currently taking medications, you may also enter them in order to find out which Medicare drug plans may be best for you. This is probably more beneficial to the elderly or persons with severe health problems that cause them to take numerous medications. For people who do not take any medications, they may bypass this by continuing to a general plan list. If you can enter the medications that you take, you will additionally be able to compare your prices for the drugs with each possible Medicare drug plan available to you.
Pricing
You will be able to view all plans available, according to the personal demographics that you entered; the plans will be displayed from least to most expensive according to cost of monthly premiums. Though some may consider the best Medicare drug plan to be the cheapest, others may consider the most expensive plan as the best.
Ratings
An individual's choice of the best Medicare drug plan may also be affected by ratings of other individuals who have tried various plans. On the comparison page you will be able to view the plans rated highest by other Medicare drug plan beneficiaries. Some of the highest-rated Medicare drug plans include: UA Medicare Part D Rx Coverage-Silver Plan, AARP MedicareRX Preferred, and UA Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Coverage.
Tags: drug plan, Medicare drug, Medicare drug plan, best Medicare, will able, able view, best Medicare drug
Being diagnosed with breast cancer is a frightening and life-altering experience for most women. When a pregnant woman receives this bad news, however, the diagnosis may cause even more emotional turmoil and medical complications. The following treatment options may be considered, but are dependent on the stage of the cancer and the stage of the pregnancy.
Surgery
Surgery is often the first method of treatment for a pregnant woman with breast cancer. There are various forms of surgery which aim to remove the cancer from a woman's breast:
-A total (or simple) mastectomy removes the entire affected breast and, likely, some lymph nodes beneath the arm.
-A partial mastectomy removes the part of the breast that contains cancer, some normal surrounding tissue, and, often, some lymph nodes under the arm.
-A lumpectomy removes the tumor, a small amount of normal tissue that surrounds it, and typically also some lymph nodes beneath the arm.
These surgeries pose little risk to the fetus, but there are times in a pregnancy when the required anesthesia could be more damaging. The supervising physicians will work together to determine the best time to operate.
Radiation Treatment
Women who undergo a lumpectomy (conserving some of the breast) rather than a total mastectomy may end up needing radiation treatment to prevent cancer from returning. Pregnant women should be concerned about receiving high doses of radiation because, according to Cancer.org, radiation could harm the fetus or cause miscarriage at any time during pregnancy. Therefore, radiation treatment is not recommended for women who are pregnant. A woman may opt to wait until after birth to receive radiation, but the cancer may return.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy ("chemo") is an additional form of breast cancer treatment which uses drugs to stop cancer cells from growing, either by killing them or stopping them from dividing. It is usually offered after surgery to women with breast cancer in earlier stages. It may also be used alone for cancer in more advanced stages. Women who are in their first trimester (initial three months of pregnancy) do not typically receive chemotherapy. This is because the first trimester is the most vulnerable stage of pregnancy, when many of the fetus's internal organs are developing and the risk of miscarriage is highest. Chemotherapy given in the second and third trimesters is not known to harm the fetus, but can cause pre-term labor and low birth weight.
Hormone Therapy
Hormone therapy treatments, such as tamoxifen, may be used after breast cancer surgery or as treatment for advanced stages of cancer. However, its use in pregnant women has not been well-researched. According to Cancer.org, most infants born to women taking tamoxifen have been born normal. However, cranial and facial birth defects have been reported in cases where women became pregnant while they took tamoxifen. Until more research is conducted, breast cancer hormone therapy is not recommended for pregnant women.
Termination of Pregnancy
Sometimes a woman is advised to end a pregnancy if the breast cancer would best be treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. This may be a decision that depends on the woman's chance of survival, how advanced the cancer is, and the age of the fetus.
Tags: breast cancer, lymph nodes, pregnant woman, some lymph, some lymph nodes, with breast
It's a familiar scenario -- you were doing yard work on Saturday morning, and you hurt your arm. It should probably be splinted, but your doctor's office is closed. You could go to the emergency room, but that's time-consuming and expensive. Do you wait for Monday and hope it doesn't get worse, or do you spend too much money and most of your day at the emergency room? If there's an urgent care center nearby, you don't have to make that choice.
Identification
An urgent care center provides a step between your primary-care physician and a hospital emergency room. It's open at hours when traditional doctor's offices are closed and is available for walk-in care. It's ideal for treating minor emergencies or for times when you can't wait for an appointment with your regular doctor.
Standards
The Urgent Care Association of America has created a list of criteria an urgent care center must adhere to in order to be certified. There are two categories available. A Category 1 center must have a licensed physician on site during all open hours. A Category 2 center must have a licensed nurse practitioner or physician on site during operating hours. In either case, a licensed physician must be the medical director for the center and be responsible for overall quality.
To be certified, an urgent care center must accept patients of any age for walk-up appointments during operating hours, unless it is advertised as for pediatric care only. There must be at least two exam rooms, a waiting room and patient restrooms. It must be open seven days a week, at a minimum of four hours a day and 3,000 hours a year. This may be waived if the center is connected to another facility within five miles that does meet the operating-hours criteria.
An urgent care center must have on site: X-ray and phlebotomy services, an automated external defibrillator, an appropriately stocked drug cart, oxygen and a working phone to dial 911. There must be practitioners on site who are licensed to use this equipment, as well as able to deliver IV medication and perform minor procedures, such as cyst removal and splinting.
Benefits
Without urgent care centers, a person who gets sick or hurt outside of regular office hours is subject to a lot of waiting. You can wait for your doctor to open and hope you can get an appointment. Or you can go to a hospital emergency room and wait to be seen there, where wait times can be three hours or more. At an urgent care center, you can walk in at odd hours and be seen without an appointment, generally within half an hour of your arrival.
Most urgent care centers accept insurance, and they tend to be significantly cheaper than hospital emergency rooms. You will probably get more individual care, as well, since you aren't competing with life-threatening emergencies for your doctor's time.
Potential
By removing those with non-life-threatening issues from the hospital emergency room, wait times can be improved for patients who do need emergency treatment. Doctors will be able to focus more on fewer patients and theoretically improve the quality of care they receive.
Warning
Symptoms such as pain or tightness in the chest, difficulty breathing, excessive vomiting or diarrhea, sudden dizziness or uncontrollable bleeding are not appropriate for an urgent care center. These may be life-threatening situations, and they should be taken to a hospital emergency room.
Tags: care center, emergency room, urgent care, center must, hospital emergency, hospital emergency room
Holistic methods for relieving depression involve treating the whole person in three areas: body, mind and spirit. The holistic method of treatment revolves around the belief that what impacts one part of you impacts all of the other parts of you as well. Various holistic treatments seek to create balance through herbs, meditation, acupuncture, diet and/or music therapy.
Acupuncture
Acupuncture used for depression can establish balance and energy to the body and mind. According to Holistic Online, acupuncture provides depression relief by focusing on specific points of the body to calm the body and mind, while also providing energy to increase your mood.
Aromatherapy
Aromatherapy is the use of essential oils extracted from plants to treat mild depression. Essential oils are combined with other essential oils and carrier oils. Aromatherapy oils can be used in a variety of ways to relieve depression such as for massage, in bath water, or by inhaling them. According to Holistic Online, aromatherapy provides better sleep and relieves mental stress. Aromatherapy is best effective when used in combination with other therapies such as massage or reflexology.
Diet
Nutrition can influence mood. Symptoms of depression can be identified as nutritional imbalances. Someone experiencing depression may have excesses of nutrients in several areas and deficiencies in other areas. According to Holistic Online, depression symptoms identify deficiencies in vitamins and minerals and too much refined sugar, caffeine or amino acids. Increasing your intake of vitamins B and C, iron and calcium through fruits, vegetables and a healthy balance of grains, meat and dairy products can create balance and a healthier mood.
Herbs
Several herbs are known for treating depression. According to Holistic Online, these herbs are more effective when combined. The article "Why Serotonin Can Cause Depression And Anxiety," published in the Science Daily, outlines serotonin's effect as a mood changer. Antidepressants increase serotonin levels in the brain to prevent depression. Certain herbs specialize in the increased production of serotonin in the brain such as Saint John's wort, licorice or Siberian herb. Together with other depression-relief herbs such as lavender, spearmint or lemon balm, you can create various teas and tinctures to treat depression.
Music
Music is often used to manage stress, a symptom of depression, as well as many other physical, mental and emotional needs, according to the American Music Therapy Association. Listening to slow, relaxing music helps relieve depression. Music therapy is designed to address the root causes of depression to bring relief. Holistic Online suggests listening to soothing music for at least 20 minutes daily to help you focus on your feelings. This method can lead to a healthier expression of your feelings and less stress.
Tags: Holistic Online, According Holistic, According Holistic Online, body mind, with other, create balance
Implanted pacemakers are used to control dangerous and often life-threatening heart arrhythmias. Infection is a rare, but serious risk of receiving a pacemaker. All risks and benefits should be discussed with your cardiologist before surgery.
Age and Sex
"Increasing age and female gender were actually protective against infection," Dr Andrew Voigt stated at the Heart Rhythm Society 2006 Scientific Sessions.
Medication
A class of drugs called corticosteroids can lower you immune system and increase your risk of infection. Some of the mostly commonly prescribed are prednisone, decadron and solu-medrol.
Disease
Any disease or medical condition that suppresses your immune system increases your risk of infection. This includes diabetes, renal failure and cancer.
Incision Site
Until the incision is fully healed, bacteria can easily enter the open wound.
Signs and Symptoms
The most common indications of infection include pain, redness or drainage at the site of the incision. Other signs include fever and/or chills, nausea and vomiting. Report any of these symptoms to your surgeon immediately.
Treatment
For a minor infection, your physician may prescribe antibiotics. However, if the infection is more serious, you may need to have the pacer leads replaced or even have the entire device removed.
Tags: immune system, risk infection, your risk, your risk infection
Breast cancer is a common and often deadly disease.
According to the National Cancer Institute, more than 192,000 women in the United States are diagnosed with breast cancer every year. In the quest for better treatments for this lethal disease, scientists have turned increasingly to new approaches made possible by recent advances in genetics. Among these is a molecular biology tool called a microarray. Some controversy persists about the extent to which microarrays can determine prognosis or treatments for patients with breast cancer.
Microarrays
A single-stranded piece of DNA will bind or stick to another single strand with a matching or complementary sequence. This basic principle makes the microarray possible. Several variations exist, but all involve the same idea. Thousands of probes (short single-stranded pieces of DNA) are affixed to a solid surface. A DNA sample is labeled with fluorescent tags, molecules that glow or re-emit light when exposed to certain frequencies. The sample is added to the solid surface under conditions that help the sample bind to the probes. If a particular site on the microarray glows or emits light, the sequence of the probe is present in the sample.
Uses of Microarrays in Breast Cancer
Microarrays are often used to compare genetic variations at hundreds or even thousands of specific sites across the genome. By collecting DNA samples from many people with and without a disease, researchers can carry out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to test for genes that might increase the risk of developing the disease. Gene-expression profiling is another common use in breast cancer research; scientists use a microarray to determine which genes are "switched on" or expressed in the cancer cells and compare these results with other cancer patients or with healthy cells.
Past Research
A study published in the journal "Nature" in 2002 found evidence that suggested gene expression profiles could help determine a patient's prognosis--the chances that her cancer might metastasize or grow more rapidly. Subsequent studies reached similar conclusions. Numerous subsequent studies have found ways to classify breast cancers based on their gene-expression profile; some profiles may respond better to certain types of treatment than others. Various studies have found that breast cancers with specific gene-expression profiles seem to be more susceptible to particular chemotherapy drugs.
Significance
Using gene-expression profiling with microarrays, it may be possible to distinguish breast cancers that require chemotherapy and surgery from cancers that require surgery alone and thereby to minimize the side effects associated with treatment. It may also become possible to select treatments for a patient based on the gene-expression profile of her cancer.
Considerations
Other authors have criticized the results of this research. A 2005 review in "Breast Cancer Research," for example, cited several flaws and limitations in past studies. Scientists are still trying to determine which gene-expression profiles can help predict outcome or determine treatment. Nonetheless, microarrays are a powerful technique for studying breast cancer, although further research is required to bring the promise of this technique to fruition.
Tags: Breast Cancer, breast cancers, breast cancer, cancers that, cancers that require
The FDA is responsible for reviewing foods and products that are marketed to the public.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, is under the umbrella of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is responsible for reviewing food, drugs, medical devices, vaccines, cosmetics and other products for safety. Normally, the FDA must review foods and products before they can be legally marketed.
Clearance
The FDA clears drugs, devices or other products after reviewing a pre-market notification form. A pre-market notification, also referred to as a 510(k) form, is filed with the FDA upon the item's creation. The notification simply alerts the FDA about the new product so that it can be reviewed to ensure that it meets federal safety guidelines.
Approval
The FDA approves drugs, devices or other products after reviewing a pre-market approval application that has been submitted. The approval application form differs from the notification form, since it is reserved for foods, drugs, medical devices or products that require more rigorous review.
510(k) Form
Depending on the classification of the drug, device or product, either a 510(k) or pre-market approval application will need to be filed. In short, if the item is substantially equivalent to another item that is already legally marketed for the same use and purpose, then the submitter should submit a 510(k) application form.
Pre-Market Approval Form
If no comparable item exists on the market, then the submitter must submit a pre-market approval application form that provides reasonable evidence that the device is both safe and effective. The approval process, as opposed to the clearance process, is generally reserved for high-risk medical devices or questionable products that have no existing equivalent and, thus, require more scrutiny.
Submission of Application For Clearance or Approval
Normally, both 510(k) and pre-market approval applications are submitted by the manufacturer or producer of a given product. However, this is not always the case. Further, the submitter of the application is responsible for proving either that the item is similar in design and function to a previously authorized item or that the item is safe and effective. The FDA does not research products, but simply reviews the research provided by the manufacturer or submitter.
Tags: approval application, pre-market approval, application form, medical devices, other products
Binaural hearing, according to Binaural Hearing & Speech Lab, "refers to being able to integrate information that the brain receives from the two ears. Binaural hearing is known to help us with the ability to listen in noisy, complex auditory environments and to localize sound sources."
Conductive Hearing Loss
There are three categories of hearing loss -- conductive, sensorineural and mixed hearing loss -- all which have the potential to be binaural, or to affect both ears. Conductive hearing loss, according to American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, "occurs when sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer ear canal to the eardrum and the tiny bones, or ossicles, of the middle ear." This type of hearing loss can usually be treated medically.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
This type of hearing loss is permanent because "there is damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear (retrocochlear) to the brain" according to American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Causes of this type of hearing loss are aging, viruses, noise exposure, diseases, birth injury and more. Because it is permanent, people with this type of hearing loss usually pursue some type of aid to help improve their hearing ability.
Binaural Hearing Aids
Because binaural hearing loss affects both ears, the best treatment is two hearing aids. Better Hearing Institute Advocates for America's Ears describes it by stating that "similar to the way refractory problems in both eyes are treated with a pair of glasses, it makes sense that bilateral hearing loss should be treated with binaural hearing aids". Because sound quality is reduced in both ears, Better Hearing Institute Advocates for America's Ears lists better sound quality, noise identification, sound direction and ability to hear better in noisy places among the benefits of binaural hearing aids versus a single hearing aid.
Tags: type hearing, type hearing loss, both ears, hearing aids, hearing loss
Investigate your surgeon's background and credentials.
When you are faced with surgery, you often look to your primary care physician to make a referral. Your search for the right surgeon does not have to stop there, however. If time allows, do some investigating on your own to ensure that you have the best surgeon available to conduct your surgery. Taking the decision into your own hands will help you to feel confident that you have made the best possible choice for your particular needs.
Instructions
1. Ask your primary care physician to give you several choices of surgeons.
2. Check out the surgeon's background and certifications in the "Directory of Medical Specialists" at your local library.
3. Research credentials and certifications through the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) at its website.
4. Look for the initials "F.A.C.S." after his name to see if the surgeon is a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons (ACS). This organization requires the surgeon to pass a comprehensive evaluation of professional standards and ethics. Contact the ACS for a list of its fellows in your locale.
5. Check the surgeon's biographical information on the internet, if possible. Any professional organizations should be listed. Contact the organizations to find out the status of the surgeon. Research medical societies or professional organizations that the surgeon has listed. Many such organizations require continuing education for membership.
6. Request the number of times the surgeon has performed the type of surgery you are having. As a guide, the ACS suggests that when finding a surgeon for open-heart surgery, a patient should choose a team that completes 150 surgeries each year.
7. Contact the Federation of State Medical Boards to find out if your surgeon has been involved in serious disciplinary action or malpractice.
Tags: care physician, Check surgeon, primary care, primary care physician, professional organizations
In general, alpha radiation is of small risk to humans. Compared to its cousins, beta and gamma particles, alpha radiation has an extremely low penetration depth and is often completely blocked by the outer layers of skin or even the surrounding air. Although external exposure poses little to no risk to humans, internal exposure, such as through inhalation or ingestion, can prove to be extremely damaging to the body.
Cancer
Because of the nature of most alpha particle exposure, which comes from inhaling a naturally occurring gas in soil and rock known as radon, lung cancer is the most common negative result. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, alpha particle exposure attributable to radon inhalation is estimated to cause 21,000 deaths a year in the United States. Lung cancer can also be caused by the alpha-emitting isotope polonium-210, which is present in tobacco smoke.
Kidney Damage
Drinking water contaminated with alpha radiation can cause kidney damage. The radiation attacks the renal system as it moves through the body. According to the State of Vermont, this risk stems mostly from the presence of uranium in the water supply.
Chromosomal Damage
According to a study conducted by German Professor Wolfgang Köhnlein, alpha radiation is 20 times more damaging than gamma particles once inside the body. This potency can cause damage to chromosomes, which results in an increased probability of cancer and other diseases in the affected individual.
Radiation Poisoning
Higher levels of exposure to alpha radiation can result in a case of radiation poisoning. Depending on the dose, the body can suffer from minor symptoms, ranging from nausea and headaches during the first few days to almost certain death in extreme cases. In 2006 former Russian spy Alexander Litvinenko was poisoned with a large dose of Po-210 and died of radiation poisoning.
One of the most anxiety-producing experiences in life is waiting for the result of an HIV test. In order to make this process easier, there are procedures in place for how tests are done in order to ensure accurate results. Different testing types are available, and follow-up tests may be used to ensure that false-positives don't occur.
Risk Groups
While everyone engages in risky behavior from time to time, some groups are at more risk than others and are therefore recommended to be tested for HIV annually. These risk groups include men who engage in sex with men, injection drug users or former injection drug users, men or women who've had multiple sex partners, sex workers, people currently being treated for other STD's, people leaving the correctional system, and women who have sex with men who have had sex with other men. Other at-risk individuals who should be tested are people who received a blood transfusion before testing it for HIV began in 1985 and people who have had a sex partner that has since been diagnosed with HIV or AIDS.
Standard Testing
Most HIV tests will be done by drawing blood and having it sent to a lab. An ELISA screening will be done on the blood, which is a test that looks for specific antibodies that can be produced by the body during HIV infection. Because some of these antibodies can be produced to combat other diseases as well, a positive ELISA test will be followed by another test known as the Western Blot which looks for antibodies that are specific to HIV. Test results are generally returned within two weeks.
Rapid Screenings
In order to speed up initial diagnosis, a series of "rapid screening" tests have been developed that can give an initial test result within 20 to 30 minutes. These tests are generally performed using saliva, but blood and urine rapid screening tests may also be used. Much like the ELISA test, rapid screenings tests may not be completely accurate because the proteins that they test for may be produced due to non-HIV infections as well. If an individual tests positive on a rapid screening test, they will then have blood drawn and sent to a lab for an ELISA and Western Blot test to confirm the positive result.
Viral Tests
Viral tests look for the HIV virus itself, rather than antibodies or proteins that the body produces as a result of HIV infection. A p24 antigen test measures a specific protein found in HIV while an RNA test measures the amount of HIV that is present in the blood. These tests are generally significantly more expensive than blood antibody tests, so they are not commonly used as diagnostic tests; viral RNA tests are commonly used to measure the effectiveness of HIV treatments, however, as they let doctors monitor how much of the virus is in a patient before a treatment regimen begins and then see how much the viral load has changed after three or six months of treatment.
Counseling
HIV and AIDS are diseases in which several different emotional reactions may occur, and because of this a number of counselors are available to talk with patients both while waiting for test results and after diagnosis. Testing guidelines generally require that a counselor be contacted in order to receive HIV test results because of the severe emotional response that either a positive or negative test result can cause.
Tags: rapid screening, antibodies that, commonly used, drug users, ELISA test
Mastalgia is generally defined as breast pain, and almost always manifests in women of reproductive age. Clinicians define three types of mastalgia: cyclical, noncyclical and extra-mammary mastalgia. All three have different etiologies and treatments.
Cyclical Mastalgia
Cyclical mastalgia, which is the most common type, is associated with the menstrual cycle. Pain usually begins a day or two before menstruation and increases until menstruation starts. The pain tends to fade after menstruation has begun, and often disappears after just a day or two. This type of cyclical mastalgia usually goes away following menopause. The etiology of the pain remains unknown, but it is almost certainly related to the estrogen cycle.
Noncyclical Mastalgia
Noncyclical mastalgia, which accounts for almost a quarter of the reported cases, is not well understood. There is rarely an identifiable precipitating incident, and the pain usually resolves itself spontaneously. The course of noncyclical mastalgia is not predictable, and can last from a few days to years.
Extra-Mammary Mastalgia
Extra-mammary mastalgia has numerous etiologies. Among the most common is Tietze's disease, an inflammation of the junctions of the chest wall; but referred pain from angina, pneumonia and oesophagitis also need to be ruled out.
Treatments for Mastalgia
The general experience is that that topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are safe, effective and well-tolerated in relieving most kinds of breast pain. Tamoxifen or danazol should be considered if anti-inflammatories are ineffective and the pain is severe. While some health practitioners recommend evening primrose oil (EPO), there is no scientific evidence that it provides any benefit in reducing breast pain.
Non-Medical Techniques for Managing Mastalgia
There are a number of effective non-medical techniques for managing mastalgia, including but not limited to: wearing a comfortable bra that provides good support; limiting the intake of caffeine; weight loss; flaxseed as a dietary supplement; education and reassurance regarding the causes, course and treatments for mastalgia.
Tags: breast pain, mastalgia which, most common, that provides
As an active duty spouse you are comforted by other spouses and the tools that the military has set up for family members. You can expect for many of those tools to be provided once the service members end their time in service. You know the veteran will continue to receive health care, but what about the spouse. Spouses of veterans may still qualify for health benefits if guidelines are met.
Facts
All programs for veteran spouses cover hospital stays, outpatient care, mental car, substance abuse, and preventive services. All veterans must have an honorable or general discharge. Spouses if qualified, are able to visit any Military Treatment Facility, Veterans hospital, or any civilian hospital that accepts the insurance.
CHAMPVA
For a spouse to receive care through Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans one of four rules must be met. The veteran became totally and permanently disabled while in service, died from a Veteran Affairs service disability as a veteran, died while on active duty, or at the time of death rated totally and permanently disabled. You must not be able to qualify for Tricare.
Tricare Prime
All Tricare programs provide dental care at an extra cost. There is no annual deductible, but a one-time enrollment of $460 for a veteran's family. There are no co-pays in this program. You will need approval to a specialist by your primary care provider unless you are Tricare Remote Prime.
Tricare Standard
This is the most expensive plan, but it gives you greater choices of providers with no annual enrollment fee. It is $300 annual deductible for family member with a 25 percent permissible charges cost share.
Tricare Extra
You will receive the lowest patient priority at Military Treatment Facilities. The annual deductible is $300 for the entire family with no annual enrollment fee. Your choice of provider will be limited with co pays 20 percent of the fee for civilian doctors.
Tricare For Life
You must be eligible for Medicare parts A and B. Age is not a factor. It is secondary to Medicare. There are no enrollment fees and you manage your own health care with no files to claim.
Tags: annual deductible, active duty, annual enrollment, Benefits Spouses, Benefits Spouses Veterans, Health Benefits Spouses
It is never too late or too early to start trimming down by losing fat. By having too much fat around your belly and chest you put yourself at a greater risk for health problems, such as diabetes and heart disease. You burn body fat over the entirety of your body in a pattern according to your genetic predisposition. However, you can find easy exercises to lose belly and chest fat for men. In men, it is the belly and chest that holds most of the fat, so when you begin to lose fat, most of it will come from these areas.
Instructions
1. Focus on muscle building as well as cardiovascular exercises. While you should focus on working your chest and stomach muscles, you should also continue to work all the muscles of your body. By increasing your muscle mass over the entirety of your body, you increase your metabolism, which means your body burns more calories throughout the day. For cardiovascular exercise, running is the best type of exercise to melt away fat. If you have lower back or knee problems, you can also walk or ride a bike. Do at least 30 to 45 minutes of nonstop cardio exercises three to five times per week.
2. Use crunches to build and tone your abdominal muscles. Lay with your back on the floor, bend your knees while keeping you feet flat on the floor and then fold your arms across your chest. Slowly raise your upper body toward your knees lifting your shoulders about six to eight inches off the ground. Hold at the top for one second and then slowly lower your shoulders back to the floor. Perform three to four sets of 20 to 25 repetitions three times per week.
3. Perform leg raises to tighten up the lower areas of you belly. Leg raises focus on your lower abdominal muscles. Lay on your back with your legs stretched out but knees slightly bent. With your hands at your side, slowly raise both legs off the ground about eight to ten inches. Hold for one second and then slowly lower your legs until your feet touch the ground. Perform three to four sets of 20 to 25 repetitions three times per week.
4. Perform regular push-ups to help tone your chest and belly. Push-ups are a great exercise to help build muscle in the middle chest, shoulders and arms. While in the push-up position your abdominal muscles remain contracted, giving them a static muscular workout. To perform, lower yourself onto your knees, place your hands flat on the floor shoulder-width apart. Then straighten your legs with your weight on your hands and toes. From this position, slowly bend your elbows and lower your body down, keeping your back straight, until you are about one inch from the floor. Pause for one second and then push yourself back up to the starting position. Perform as many repetitions as possible for three to four sets twice per week.
5. Perform standing push-ups to help tighten up your lower chest muscles. These are easier to perform than regular push-ups and should be done after the regular push-ups. Find a sturdy counter in your home that is at least waist high. Take two to three steps back to a point where you can lean forward and place your hands shoulder width apart on the counter and support your body weight. With your back flat, slowly lower your body until the lower part of your chest touches the counter edge. Pause for one second and then push yourself back up to the starting position. Perform 20 to 25 repetitions for three to four sets twice per week.
Tags: your body, four sets, lower your, second then, three four, three four sets, your back
Radiology technicians use MRI, CT and ultrasound equipment to assist patients.
Radiology is a health care field with career opportunities at every educational level, from a certificate to a doctorate degree. Transfer programs in radiology are typically offered at the undergraduate level, resulting in job opportunities as a radiologic technicians, technologist or assistant. Some Illinois colleges provide opportunities for students to earn an associate degree in radiology and transfer to a four-institution to earn a bachelor's degree in the field.
Kishwaukee College
Kishwaukee College in Malta is a community college offering fully transferable associate degrees, career preparation programs and adult education programs. The institution is a vital part of the community, as its conference center is a meeting place for local organizations, businesses, professional groups and industries. The two-year radiologic technology program awards an associate degree in preparation for American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) national certification examination. Students may choose to practice as entry-level radiographers or transfer to a four-year college in pursuit of a bachelor's degree or advanced imaging certification. Clinical experiences are conducted within local facilities such as Kishwaukee Hospital, Rochelle Community Hospital and Rush-Copley Medical Center.
Kishwaukee College
21193 Malta Road
Malta, IL 60150
815-825-2086
kishwaukeecollege.edu
Richland Community College
Richland Community College (RCC) offers flexible online, hybrid (half online, half in class) and part-time course scheduling. RCC provides technical education programs in 40 areas, transfer associate degree programs in 30 and continuing education options, areas serving eight counties surrounding Decatur, Illinois. The associate degree program in Radiography is a six-semester program that prepares students for the ARRT exam and licensure through the Illinois Emergency Management Agency (IEMA) Department of Nuclear Safety. Students also have the option of transferring to a four-year institution in order to earn a Bachelor of Science in Radiologic Sciences, however, not all RCC may be transferable. The curriculum integrates classroom, laboratory and clinical experiences, which are held in Memorial Medical Center in Springfield, Decatur Memorial Hospital and St. Mary's Hospital in Decatur.
Richland Community College
One College Park
Decatur, IL 62521
217-875-7200
richland.edu
Elgin Community College
Elgin Community College (ECC) has 12 buildings across a 145-acre campus, two additional campuses and satellite off-campus locations. Associate degrees are offered in business, liberal arts, sciences, engineering and health professions. ECC also offers adult education, career technology and continuing education programs. The two-year radiography program prepares students for immediate employment after completion of the ARRT exam and IEMA certification or to transfer to a four-year university. ECC provides access to transfer counselors and online interactive services to assist in the process and also lists two recommended schools to complete a bachelor degree.
Elgin Community College
1700 Spartan Drive
Elgin, IL 60123
847-697-1000
elgin.edu
Tags: Community College, associate degree, bachelor degree, education programs, Elgin Community
Your personal statement "may be just the element that tilts the decision on acceptance into a program in your favor," write Saul and Edith Wischnitzer in their "Residency Manual." Your acceptance into a medical residency in a hospital, clinic or other health care institution depends on communicating clearly and convincingly demonstrating you have the necessary personality, skills and dedication to practice medicine. Pay attention to detail and observe key principles as you edit your personal statement into shape.
Instructions
1. Add information that helps achieve your main goal of obtaining a residency interview, and remove anything that detracts from that aim. Delete lists of hobbies and extracurricular accomplishments that have no bearing on your professional qualities and medical career.
2. Check that what you've written reflects you, your personality and your goals. If you've written something that could apply to anyone -- "I come from California and I want to be a physician" -- you won't stand out from the crowd. The reader should feel he has met you personally through the essay. For example: "My father was a nurse, and he taught me the value of working hard to benefit the lives of others."
3. Substitute general statements about your strengths, skills and desires with specific examples from your experience. For example, instead of saying "I like working with kids," say, "In 2010, I spent six weeks volunteering in my local pediatric unit."
4. Check that the statement addresses the specific program you're applying for. If you haven't mentioned the institution by name, do so, and mention ways you think you uniquely can contribute.
5. Examine and rewrite your opening sentence. The opener either grabs the reader's attention or loses it. "Watching a documentary about medical missionaries in Ethiopia, at the age of 17, convinced me to pursue a career as a doctor" works; "My name is David Smith and I would like to apply for a residency" falls flat.
6. Cut the length if your personal statement runs to more than a page. A concise, well-worded statement makes the most impact, while a rambling and overlong statement can appear incoherent and confusing, ultimately costing you the residency interview.
7. Proofread the statement for grammar and spelling errors. Sloppy mistakes cast doubt on your professionalism.
Tags: acceptance into, Check that, personal statement, residency interview, your personal
Women receive aggressive breast cancer treatment based on their diagnosis and evaluation of biopsy results. It's logical to presume that any diagnosis of breast cancer requires aggressive treatment when presented with a tumor. However, certain types of breast cancers necessitate a more aggressive approach. Those cancers that are fast moving and diagnosed late must be addressed with haste. In addition, the staging of cancer dictates the aggressiveness of treatment.
Neoadjuvant Therapy
Breast cancer can take many forms, including some types that require immediate treatment. Neoadjuvant therapy involves immediate treatment to restrict the growth of the cancer cells and shrink the size of the tumor. This type of therapy differs from the more standard treatment of surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation. Neoadjuvant therapy includes chemotherapy, radiation therapy or hormone therapies for treatment. All therapies aim to reduce tumor size and halt the spread of cancer cells. Subsequent surgery for tumor removal can result in less tissue loss since the size of the cancer mass is smaller.
Lymph Node Removal
The lymphatic system houses a fluid called lymph. This system exists throughout the body and transports immune cells, cleanses the blood and releases fluid from tissue. Doctors address whether cancer has jumped to the lymph system during surgery. This jump indicates possible cancer cells in more distant parts of the body. Lymph node removal has become an integral part of aggressive breast cancer treatment. The removal and biopsy of lymph nodes allows doctors a very clear picture of the spread of cancer and they then tailor additional therapies based around lymph node findings.
Mastectomy
In the fight against breast cancer, surgeons have a limited number of tools at hand. Doctors routinely strive to remove lumps or tumors with enough surrounding tissue to establish clean margins. Clean margins surround a cancer tumor and indicate the outer limits of the tumor. Mastectomy enters into the picture when doctors cannot surgically remove the cancer for clean margins or when a woman has an aggressive type of cancer such as inflammatory breast cancer or the cancer has metastasized (moved to other parts of the body). Mastectomy involves removal of the breast entirely. Some mastectomies include the removal of lymph nodes as well.
Staging
Doctors assign a number from one to four to indicate the extent and aggressiveness of breast cancer. This staging system provides uniformity when diagnosing and helps doctors evaluate patients as they progress from one type of treatment to another. Staging does indicate aggressiveness of a cancer. Stage I indicates that cancer hasn't spread beyond the breast and the tumor size remains below two centimeters. Stage II could indicate all or parts of stage I with a tumor size up to five centimeters or some spread of cancer to the lymph nodes under the arm. Stage III means that the cancer tumor is larger than 5 centimeters, and has spread to lymph nodes in the breast and under the arm. Stage IV cancer has metastasized (spread) to other parts of the body. In relation to the other stages, Stage IV requires immediate and aggressive chemotherapy, radiation and hormone therapy to address this stage cancer to prevent spread to the bones.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy involves administering drugs that target cancer cells. Doctors call chemotherapy systemic treatment because it targets the "system" and any errant cancer cells that may have traveling through the body. Doctors decide appropriate chemotherapy treatment based on tumor grade as well as particular tumor information including whether a tumor responds to a certain hormone. Chemo is given in an IV and is dispensed on a regular schedule. Chemo treatment takes months and is used for all Stage II through IV breast cancers. With aggressive cancers, doctors are looking specifically for results including the reduction of tumor size or disappearance of cancer in the lymph nodes. (Reference 1 and 6)
Radiation
Unlike chemotherapy, radiation targets the tumor directly with concentrated radiation beams. According to the National Cancer Institute, radiation targets cancers to either damage the cells or destroy the cells. Radiation paired with chemotherapy is a powerful tool that doctors use to fight aggressive breast cancers. Radiation can be used to shrink larger tumors before surgery and to target an area where cancer may spread.
Tags: cancer cells, lymph nodes, chemotherapy radiation, tumor size, breast cancer
If a four-year college is not right for you, then enrolling in a technical school is one of the best ways to continue your education and earn training and certification in numerous career fields. Technical schools offer affordable tuition, short degree plans and certification is everything from auto repair to culinary arts, cosmetology to nursing, air conditioning repair to interior design. Depending on the school, some may even offer internships and job placement upon graduation. If you live in the Seattle area and are looking to enroll in a technical school, then there are several options for you.
North Seattle Community College
North Seattle Community College (NSCC) is a technical school in the Seattle area that offers online courses, study abroad and exchange programs and more than 70 technical programs. NSCC was voted a "military friendly school" by "G.I. Jobs" magazine (a publication for military transitioners) because of its veteran assistance programs and degrees in military-related career fields. Budget-conscious students attending NSCC can inquire about their interest-free staggered tuition payments (as opposed to paying the entire tuition all at once).
ITT Technical Institute
ITT Technical Institute is perhaps the most well-known technical school with franchises all over the country. ITT Tech offers studies in information technology, electronics technology, drafting and design, business, criminal justice and health sciences, with a particular focus on helping students master the newest technologies, an essential skill in a rapidly changing job market. ITT Tech offers -- well before graduation -- job placement and training courses on get and keep a job. Military families should make sure to inquire about benefits to veterans and active duty soldiers.
UW Professional and Continuing Education
More than 125 certification programs await enrollees at the University of Washington's (UW) Professional and Continuing Education school. Online, weekend and evening courses can fit almost anyone's schedule. UW's vast line of civil engineering, transportation engineering and planning courses can actually be taught directly on a job site, and in addition to technical training and certification, UW's continuing education programs offer more-traditional undergraduate and graduate degrees just like those offered at four-year colleges.
Seattle Central Community College
Seattle Central Community College is designed to meet the needs of students in any situation: first-time students with no college experience, international students, transfers from other college or universities, veterans, high school students -- really anyone that wishes to build job skills and get a head start on a new career. Seattle Central Community College also offers English classes tailored to those learning it as a second language.
Tags: Community College, technical school, Central Community, Central Community College, Seattle Central
Medicare must approve a nursing home before coverage begins.
Medicare pays for temporary skilled care in a nursing home after a hospital stay. Nursing home care must be medically necessary for rehabilitation purposes. Medicare does not pay for long-term nursing home or custodial care.
Eligibility
Medicare pays for nursing home care after a qualifying 3-day hospital stay. You must enter a Medicare-approved nursing facility within 30 days of release from the hospital.
Time Frame
Complete Medicare coverage lasts for the first 20 days of nursing care. A copay of up to $128 applies for days 21 to 100. After 100 days, Medicare coverage ends for skilled nursing care for that benefit period. A new benefits period begins after a 60-day break in nursing home care.
Coverage
During a qualifying nursing home stay, Medicare pays for semiprivate rooms, meals, nursing care, rehabilitation treatments, medical social services, medications, medical supplies, transportation and dietary aid.
Alternatives
Medicaid, a state and federal program, may help with long-term nursing home care for low-income individuals. Some private insurance companies also provide long-term care insurance to help offset costs.
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Human papilloma virus (HPV) cannot cause breast cancer. Planned Parenthood states there are more than 100 types of HPV and the vaccine protects against two types that causes 70 percent of HPV cases in the U.S. If you have other factors in your medical history that predisposes you to breast cancer, those may prevail.
HPV increases your risk for infertility and cervical cancer. In some states, an HPV vaccine was made available to girls ages 11 and older. It was offered from a public health standpoint to protect them from infertility and cancer risk.
How Do I Get HPV?
HPV is a sexually-transmitted disease from direct sexual contact. It is often asymptomatic and people may have it and show no obvious physical symptoms.
Women who get a Pap smear test every three years can ask to be screened for HPV. If you get an abnormal Pap result, your doctor may suggest a HPV test.
There are currently no HPV tests for men.
Should I Worry About HPV?
If you get regular physical exams and a Pap test as directed by your doctor, you should be fine. If you are in a high-risk category of having several sexual partners that may have not been tested for HPV, you might consider getting tested more frequently.
If you have HPV, your doctor might suggest you boost your immune system by managing stress, stopping smoking and other lifestyle changes and retesting in six months. It is possible to retest as negative for HPV if you take your doctor's advice.