Registered Nurse Spend A Work Day

How Does a Registered Nurse Spend a Work Day?

General Overview

A registered nurse is a health professional who works with doctors, other nurses and patients in the health care industry. A registered nurse, usually abbreviated as RN, uses the nursing process to assess and evaluate the injured, sick or elderly, and provide them with proper nursing care. There are four branches of nursing that an RN can choose to specialize in after completing the general portion of her education, and those are adult nursing, child nursing, mental health nursing and learning disabilities nursing. In their line of duty, nurses consult often with other nurses and physicians. An RN can work in a hospital, nursing home, home health care center or as a personal nurse to an individual.

Typical Work Day

On a typical day, a registered nurse who works at a hospital is engaged in taking care of the patients that come in and out throughout the day. An RN is responsible for monitoring the vital signs such as temperature, heartbeat and motor signs of every patient within her care. Additionally, the RN makes sure that each patient takes the correct medication and dosage at the right time, and she monitors the patient's progress throughout the day, reporting to the doctor in charge if there are any significant changes. If necessary, the RN also administers shots and takes blood and urine samples for diagnostic tests.

Other Duties

Though her most important duties are to assess and implement nursing care to ill and injured patients, an RN also has other duties such as making sure those under her care are eating on time, performing mild exercises, going to the restroom regularly and other common activities that generally become difficult for the sick. As a personal caretaker to ill individuals, the RN often accompanies them during the entire day, monitoring their health and making sure that they don't injure themselves. An RN is also expected to keep detailed accounts of a patient's basic information, insurance information and health history.

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How Do Computer Projectors Work

Introduction

There are many different types of computer projector: CRT, DLP and LCD, to name a few. The one best known is the Liquid Crystal Display projector. The LCD projector uses heat from a halogen bulb to convert the crystal into liquid so that images are displayed in a fluid motion. In this article, we will learn the technology behind the LCD computer projector and see how it works.

How Does It Work?

There are three panels inside the LCD projector. The halogen bulb is placed in the center so that the panels surround it. It is the job of the panels to produce light. The crystals melt when the halogen bulb heats up, allowing light to pass through. The intensity level of the halogen bulb determines the tone of the images; more heat from the bulb brings lighter tones. Electric voltage that travels through the projector controls the heat produced by the halogen bulb.

The projector connects to the computer and acts as a monitor. The images travel through the cable connected to the computer and to the tube inside the projector. The screen is coated with phosphor to allow the images to bounce on it. Each portion of light from the projector onto the screen is a pixel. To produce color images, the pixel is broken down into red, blue and green color components. The three different panels of the LCD projector are able to produce more than 16 million colors based on the intensity and variations of the three primary colors.

Each panel handles its own color, which is why there are three panels for the three primary colors. Each panel will send a beam of light for the colors. The colors produce the true color of the image once they hit the screen and combine with each other.

LCD Projector Resolutions

The LCD projector's resolution is defined by which of the four different categories it falls into. UXGA (1600 by 1200) is the highest and most expensive one on the market. This type of projector can support a wide range of computers. Many business offices that rely on presentations on a regular basis tend to favor the UXGA model. The next one down is the SXGA (1280 by 1024). The SXGA is used by individuals with high-end computers because it offers high-resolution images and is useful when something as powerful as the UXGA isn't needed. XGA (1024 by 768) is used more by consumers because of its low price tag compared to the first two models. The images aren't as clear as the UXGA and SXGA, but the XGA still offers great images. The model that is used the most is the SVGA (800 by 600) because it is the least expensive of all the LCD projectors. This is ideal for personal computers and still offers great image quality.

When trying to decide which one is ideal for your home or office, remember that the LCD projector's cost is determined by the resolution. If you don't need the added resolution or cost, stick to the SVGA models. However, there are times when the UXGA models are more ideal for business and gaming purposes because of the excellent image quality.

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Chemotherapy Vs Radiation

Two well-known treatments, chemotherapy (or chemo) and radiation therapy, regularly aid people in their battle against cancer. Though they share some similarities, they are quite different. Both offer various benefits and beckon assorted side effects. Like any cancer treatment, their use depends on the type, location and progression of the disease. Frequently, doctors combine these two treatments together or with other techniques for optimal results.

Chemotherapy

Chemo utilizes medications to damage the DNA of cells, prohibit their duplication and eliminate their existence. Unfortunately, the drugs cannot differentiate between the infected and non-infected cells, causing impairment of healthy cells in the process. Usually, patients receive chemo after surgery to prevent its reappearance, before surgery to shrink tumors, or on its own when cancer has spread. Cancers treated with chemotherapy include leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin disease, multiple myeloma and sarcoma, as well as lung, breast and ovary cancers.

Radiation Therapy

"According to the National Cancer Institute, about half of all cancer patients receive some type of radiation therapy." Most solid tumors are treatable using this technique, including cancers of the brain, breast, cervix, larynx, lung, pancreas, prostate, skin, spine, stomach and uterus. Patients with leukemia or lymphoma often receive radiation therapy as well. Using a certain type of energy, it destroys cancer cells and minimizes tumors. Other names for radiation therapy include radiotherapy, x-ray therapy or irradiation.

Types

Chemotherapy is a classification of many different medications for killing cancer. Some types of chemo drugs include alkylating agents, anthracyclines, topoisomerase inhibitors, antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors and corticosteroids. Similarly, radiation therapy is a classification of several sources of radiation. For external radiation therapy, X-rays and gamma rays use photons, and particle beams use subatomic particles. Internal radiation therapy utilizes the radioactive isotope from several sources including iodine 125 or iodine 131, strontium 89, phosphorous, iridium, palladium, cesium, phosphate or cobalt.

Procedures

In most cases, both chemotherapy and radiation therapy are delivered in a doctor's office or hospital setting. Patients occasionally take chemo orally, but generally receive it intravenously. With radiation therapy, patients may receive internal beam radiation therapy (brachytherapy) or external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Brachytherapy gives off radiation from a source planted inside the body whereas EBRT sends a beam of radiation through the body to the exact location requiring treatment. Chemotherapy is not nearly as precise with its distribution. Since this treatment travels through the bloodstream, more than just one location receives the medication, whether infected or not.

Side Effects

Radiation therapy and chemotherapy share a few comparable side effects, as well as some vastly different ones. Often, they depend on the location and type of treatment received or medication taken. Nausea and vomiting, fatigue, pain, diarrhea and infertility are a few possible side effects the two treatments have in common. In addition, chemotherapy patients may experience hair loss, mouth sores and damage to the kidneys, liver, lungs, brain or heart. Radiation therapy may cause changes in brain and lung function or an inflammation in the esophagus, stomach or intestine.

Tags: radiation therapy, beam radiation, patients receive, side effects, beam radiation therapy, leukemia lymphoma, Radiation therapy

Dependent Health Insurance Laws

Dependent Health Insurance Laws

Some argue that health insurance is a right, not a privilege. For others, health insurance operates as a privilege, not as a right. In the U.S. in 2009, children and young adults---both from low-income homes, and those between the ages of 19 and 29---quickly fall between the eligibility cracks for health insurance. Fortunately, there are dependent health insurance laws in place that take this population into consideration.

State Coverage Laws

Young adults covered under a parent's insurance policy are typically dropped by an insurer as of the age of 19, or upon graduating from college. School to workforce transitions often leave young people without adequate health coverage, as low-paying and temp jobs seldom provide these types of benefits. In an attempt to remedy this coverage gap, the Health Care Reform Legislation Act of 2006 requires health insurance carriers to lengthen dependent coverage up to the age of 26. These laws are implemented on a state level, so not all states have followed through with the provisions set forth in the bill. Currently, there are 30 states complying with the Health Care Reform change.

Low Income Health Coverage

Children in low-income families are provided health insurance under the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) law of 1997. Eligibility is determined according to income level, where family incomes are too high to qualify for Medicaid. This law grants each state the authority to set their own income eligibility limits based on available funding. Eligible families are required to pay a portion of their health expenses based on their available incomes. Attempts to limit a state's flexibility with setting eligibility limits were made by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services in August, 2007; however this effort was repealed by the federal government in January, 2009.

Unemployment Health Coverage

Dependents whose parents have lost their jobs also lose whatever health insurance coverage was provided through that employer. Fortunately, federal and state law allows individuals to continue their healthcare benefits under COBRA. Under COBRA, the circumstances in which employment ended determines how long coverage will be extended. Coverage can be continued for the employee, as well as for spouses and dependents. However, an employer is only required to follow COBRA requirements if he has 20 or more employees.

Effects

In the case of employer-based health insurance coverage, dependent laws have gone a long way toward ensuring young adults continue to receive adequate coverage during their transition into adulthood. However, these laws have placed an added burden on the employers in the states where Health Care Reform measures have been taken. The continuation of dependent benefits have created additional administrative responsibilities for employers as far as keeping track of federal and state definitions of "dependent," as well as the added risk in covering the young adult population. As a result, a number of employers have opted to self-fund their health insurance coverages in order to avoid state mandates.

Considerations

Individuals who work for employers who have self-funded their health insurance plans may not be able to benefit from the Health Care Reform Act in terms of continued dependent coverage. Self-funded plans are governed at the federal level, meaning state mandates, protections and provisions do not apply on behalf of the employee. Self-funded plans are rather governed by the federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act. As a result, any state mandated definitions of "dependent" may not be applicable under a self-funded employer plan.

Tags: health insurance, Care Reform, Health Care, Health Care Reform, their health, definitions dependent, dependent coverage

Make Flyers On Microsoft

If you want to create a flyer, you can do so if you have the Microsoft Office Suite installed on your computer. With Microsoft Office, you have access to many templates, including flyer templates. There are many types of flyer templates available. For example, you can select from real estate and or lost pet flyers. You can access these flyer templates by using Word or Publisher. After you download a template, you only need to insert your information and it will be ready to be distributed. This saves time compared to creating a flyer on your own.

Instructions

1. Open Microsoft Word or Publisher. If you use Word, click the Office button located in the left-hand corner of the window. The Office menu will open. You can print a document or create a new document here.

2. Select "New" from the Office menu if you are using Word. A window labeled "New Document" will open. You can create a blank document or search for a template to use here.

3. Enter "flyer" in the Microsoft Office Online search form, located near the top of the window. Press "Enter" if you are using Word. If you are using Publisher, enter "flyer" in the form next to "Search for templates," then press "Enter." A list of flyer templates will open.

4. Scroll through the available flyer templates. Click a template to view its details and to see a larger version of the template in the pane to the right of the window.

5. Select a template you want to use and click "Download." The template will download and open in a new window.

6. Highlight the sample text in the flyer and press "Delete." Type the information you want included in the flyer.

7. Save the flyer after you have finished editing it. You can now print and distribute it.

Tags: flyer templates, Microsoft Office, using Word, will open, Office menu, Word Publisher

What Are The Benefits Of Robotic Surgery

Robotic surgery allows surgeons to use computer-programmed robotic arms and other mechanized tools to perform a variety of surgical procedures. These tools aid surgeons---they do not replace them.

Minimally Invasive

Doctors only need to make tiny incisions to use robotic surgical tools during a procedure. This reduces bleeding, pain, recovery time, infection, hospital stays and risk of scarring, according to St. Barnabas Health Care System

Precision

These tools allow surgeons to perform more complex tasks than they would normally be able to perform on their own, which increases precision.

Reduced Burden

Robotic surgery reduces the physical burden of the operating surgeon compared with other types of procedures that might require more awkward positioning, according to Dr. Bishoy Morris of Medscape.com.

Efficacy

According to Morris, studies indicate robotic surgery seems to offer advantages over laparoscopic procedures---particularly reduced death, complications and hospital stay. The medical community needs more research to determine their effectiveness compared with traditional surgery.

Limitations

Although this type of surgery has many benefits, some drawbacks exist. They include cost and the inability of the surgeon to actually touch the area being operated on--which can be important in some cases.

Tags: compared with, Robotic surgery, These tools

Train To Be A Dental Assistant In Hawaii

To become a dental assistant in Hawaii, you must obtain the appropriate education and experience.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook 2010-2011, dental assisting is slated to become one of the fastest growing occupations through the year 2018. With such growth, there are many opportunities for you to succeed in this industry. Although it is possible to become a dental assistant by simply applying for an open position with minimal education or experience, becoming a dental assistant in Hawaii usually requires that you obtain the appropriate education and earn your dental assistant license.

Instructions

1. Research the requirements to become a dental assistant in Hawaii. In the US, requirements, regulations and procedures are different in each state. Most states require that you complete the appropriate education and pass a state-administered test to obtain your dental assistant license. In Hawaii, you must graduate from an approved program from an accredited institution, before becoming a licensed dental assistant.

2. Obtain the required education. There are only two programs accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation of the American Dental Association in Hawaii. In order to obtain your dental assistant designation, you must attend the dental program at Heald College -- Honolulu campus or Maui Community College. Programs range from two to four years long and prepare you for work as a dental assistant.

3. Become a Certified Dental Assistant (CDA). Once you have completed an approved dental assistant program at an accredited institution, you must pass the CDA examination. Alternatively, dental assistants with at least two years of full-time on-the-job training may qualify for a license without taking the exam. More information and a study guide for the examination can be found on the National Board of Dental Assisting website.

4. Register with your state dental assistant association. Upon receiving your CDA designation, you must register with the Hawaii Dental Hygienists' Association and pay your membership fee. Registering with this association proves to potential employers that you meet the requirements to successfully carry out the duties of a dental assistant in the state of Hawaii.

Tags: dental assistant, appropriate education, become dental, become dental assistant, dental assistant, your dental, your dental assistant

Become An Occupational Health Nurse

An occupational nurse is a certified nurse who works to encourage better health in their workplace. These nurses can work anywhere from small offices to large corporations and their duties including helping management provide a safe healthy workplace for employees, administering pre-employment medical checks, treating patients who become injured or sick while at work, giving preventive health education, training employees in first aid, giving risk assessments, maintaining employee health records and establishing emergency health plans. The field of occupational nursing is growing and many people are on their way to becoming an occupational health nurse.

Instructions

1. Do as well as possible in high school. To become a nurse, you will need constantly to strive to be the best among your peers. The nursing shortage has affected the openings in nursing schools. There are a lot of nursing schools with wait lists, so you want to ensure you always stand out.

2. Enroll in an undergraduate program. You will need to earn a Bachelor of Science in Nursing. You can opt to go to a two year college then transfer to a university or start off at the university. Either option will work.

3. Specialize. You can specialize in occupational health in two ways. The first way is to work 3,000 hours in 5 years in health nursing. You can also complete a certificate program in occupational health nursing. Many colleges offer this as post-graduate degree program.

4. Pass Certified Occupational Health Nurse-Specialist (COHN-S). After passing the COHN-S, you will officially be certified.

5. Remain certified. Every five years you will need to re-certify. To stay certified, you need 3,000 hours of occupational health work experience and 50 Continuing Nursing Education hours in occupational health practice.

Tags: occupational health, will need, health nursing, hours occupational, hours occupational health, nursing schools, Occupational Health

Radiography And Fluoroscopy

Contrast liquid may be injected into a patient during a fluoroscopy.

Radiography is the technology used when taking x-rays of objects in order to see inside of them. Fluoroscopy is a type of radiography that shows these internal areas in real time. This means that instead of seeing a static image, fluoroscopy allows a medical professional to see the movement of the body's internal processes as it occurs, allowing them to make a more accurate diagnosis.

History

Fluoroscopy began at the end of the 19th Century. A German physicist named Wilhelm Roentgen discovered that a screen painted with salt and barium fluoresced when exposed to x-rays. An early model of the fluoroscope utilized a cardboard funnel and barium salt. Thomas Edison improved upon this device to yield higher definition images, resulting in the commercialization of fluoroscopy as a medical diagnostic tool.

Procedure

During a fluoroscopy, the patient lies down on an exam table. A fluoroscope is placed above the area to be studied. The patient is usually asked to ingest a liquid called contrast, which helps the radiologist identify the affected body part. Contrast may also be injected intravenously or through an enema. As it moves through the body, the radiologist follows the contrast with the fluoroscope, which is easily maneuverable. The images from the fluoroscope are broadcast on a monitor that the radiologist observes during the procedure.

Function

Fluoroscopy is utilized in a number of different tests that are generally less invasive when compared to traditional surgical methods. This includes heart catheterizations when a radiologist uses a fluoroscope to see how blood travels through the arteries of the heart. This can determine whether or not a patient has arterial blockage. A barium x-ray is another type of fluoroscopy that shows the flow of liquid through the intestines and can be used in spotting digestive issues.

Considerations

Fluoroscopy can be performed as an in-patient or out-patient procedure. This is determined by the type of fluoroscopic test that needs to be performed and the preparation required to complete the test. Patient safety is of utmost importance to the radiologist performing a fluoroscopy as well as the fluoroscopy manufacturers. Measurements taken to mitigate the risk of radiation exposure include lead shields worn by the patients and radiography staff to block excessive radiation absorption, fluoroscopic levels that can be changed to accommodate the size of the patient and a pulse fluoroscopy, which allows the radiologist to pulse x-rays as opposed to streaming them continuously.

Warning

Radiation is hazardous to a developing fetus. Pregnant women or women who could be pregnant should not undergo a fluoroscopy or be in the room of a patient undergoing fluoroscopy. Exposure to radiation has been shown to be carcinogenic although this is usually found only in patients who have undergone significant radiography procedures. Fluoroscopy has the potential to cause skin injuries, usually similar to sunburn, that can be serious if exposure time is lengthy.

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How Beat Liver Cancer

Hearing that you have liver cancer is never easy. Liver cancer is difficult to diagnose, so the disease is frequently only discovered when it is at an advanced stage. Late diagnoses mean that the long-term survival rate (5 years or more) is only around 30% in cases where surgery is a possible treatment option and 7% when surgery is not possible. Those are the stark statistics, but that doesn't mean you should give up. There are things you can do to help you beat liver cancer as long as you stay in the fight.

Become an Active Patient

Never take a backseat in your own care. From the minute that you are diagnosed, become an informed and vocal member of your treatment team. Cancer survivor Phyllis A. Domm refers to this process as becoming the CEO of your own health team in an article about her experience surviving cancer for Cancer Consultants. Learn everything you can about your disease and the treatment options that are available. Discuss them all with your doctors. If you discover a treatment option or clinical trial that they don't mention to you, bring it up and ask questions. Become the boss of beating your disease.

Don't be passive in your dealings with family and friends either. Let them know what you need, what helps and what doesn't. Get a core group of people you can depend on to help you in both practical terms and in dealing with the emotional side of your disease.

Medical Treatments

Every patient is different, so there is no single road map for treating liver cancer. The options include surgical removal of the cancerous cells in the liver, ablation, chemotherapy, Nexavar (a drug that inhibits cell growth) and liver transplant. Some patients also volunteer for clinical trials for drugs being tested for liver cancer treatment with some success. Your doctor can tell you about trials for which you qualify. Again, be in charge of your treatment team. Your doctors will likely use some combination of these treatments to give you the best chance for survival, so be involved in creating the battle plan.

Healthy Eating

Maintaining a healthy diet is an important part of beating liver cancer and dealing with the sometimes difficult treatments. Loss of appetite is common with liver cancer patients, especially after treatments, but maintaining a healthy weight is a must. Dr. Heather Zwicky recommends avoiding all processed foods and to go organic whenever possible to spare your liver the task of having to break down pesticides and other additives. If you are unable to tolerate solid food, nutritional shakes make a good substitute. Ginger may help with nausea. Above all else, never drink alcohol, which could increase the damage to your liver.

Give Yourself a Break

Taking charge of your care will give you back some of the power you might feel you have lost when dealing with liver cancer, but don't take on the responsibility to be positive and upbeat all the time. Contrary to common opinion, medical research does not indicate a link between being upbeat and getting over your disease. Don't stop fighting, but let yourself be scared, angry, fed up or whatever else you feel. It's normal and healthy to express all of your feelings.

Tags: liver cancer, your disease, dealing with, liver cancer, charge your, surgery possible

Most Common Type Of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer causes more cancer deaths in both men and women than any other type of cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. Of the several types of lung cancer, the most common type is usually caused by tobacco smoking. Exposure to pollutants such as radon and asbestos are other potential causes of this cancer.

Types

Currently, the most common type of lung cancer is adenocarcinoma. According to the American Cancer Society, this form became the most common in the 1980s--decades earlier, squamous cell carcinoma of the lung was most common.

Features

Adenocarcinomas are malignant tumors that arise in glandular tissues.

Symptoms

Symptoms of adenocarcinoma of the lung include chronic cough, fatigue and shortness of breath.

Treatment

When possible, surgical removal of cancerous areas is one main form of treatment, followed by chemotherapy or radiation.

Prevention/Solution

As cigarette smoking is the primary cause of this type of lung cancer, not smoking may reduce your risk.

Tags: lung cancer, most common, American Cancer, American Cancer Society, Cancer Society

How Cancer Works In The Body

How Cancer Works in the Body

Characteristics of Cancer Cells

Cancer begins when healthy cells lose their natural ability to regulate their own growth. Six characteristics define cancer cells: the ability to bypass normal growth cycles, insensitivity to natural signals regulating cell growth and division, lack of the mechanism initiating natural cell death, no mechanism regulating cell division, the ability to construct their own blood supply and the ability to invade neighboring tissues and spread (metastasize) to other organs. In short, tumors consist of normal cells that have been damaged and grow too quickly, reproduce too frequently, live too long and migrate throughout the body. As the cancerous cell continues to grow and multiply without a need to replace dying cells, the excess cells accumulate and eventually form a mass, or tumor. Tumors are either benign, which means they are not cancerous and pose no threat to neighboring tissues, or malignant, which means the tumor is cancerous and will continue to grow and invade other organs. Cancers such as leukemia and lymphoma, however, do not form tumors. Cancer is not a single disease. Each type of cancer has its own characteristics with different growth patterns, levels of aggressiveness and treatments.

What Causes Cells to Become Cancerous

Cells naturally follow a cycle in which they grow, divide and die according to chemical signals. Sometimes the DNA of a cell becomes damaged by infection with certain viruses or bacteria, exposure to radiation or chemicals, heredity or aging. Cells have a natural mechanism to correct damaged DNA before the cell divides and replicates the flaw. In most cases, the mutation is harmless. However, in some instances, the cell fails to correct the flaw and the mutation leads to the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Researchers have not discovered why some cells become cancerous and others do not, or what exactly causes a cell to become cancerous. It is certain that cancer results from many mutations over time rather than a single defect. Heredity plays a role, leaving some people susceptible to certain types of cancers, such as breast cancer. Other types of cancers are linked to diet, such as colon cancer, or behaviors, such as lung cancer. Aging is a risk factor because small mutations build over time. The presence or absence of specific genes called oncogenes also prompt cancer development. Oncogenes code for proteins that regulate cell growth and stimulate apoptosis, therefore cells lacking these proteins grow without natural restrictions.

Metastasis

Metastasis, or the ability of cancer to spread to organs distant from the original tumor site, is the hallmark characteristic of cancer cells. Local metastasis occurs when the cancer cells invade neighboring tissue while distant metastasis is when the cancer spreads to an organ away from the original tumor, such as prostate cancer spreading to the liver. Healthy cells stop growing when they encounter neighboring cells. Cancerous cells, however, lack this ability. The force of the growing tumor coupled with the excess production of enzymes that break down cells and tissues allows the tumor to create the space it needs to continue growing. Another distinguishing characteristic of cancer cells is their ability to migrate easily. Cancer cells break off from the original tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system, which carries them throughout the body.

Tags: cancer cells, from original, from original tumor, original tumor, Cancer Works

How Much Does A Breast Lift Cost

How Much Does a Breast Lift Cost?

Sagging breasts plague women around the world. Weight loss, childbirth and lack of proper support can cause stretching and sagging, and this can be nearly impossible to correct. Mastopexy, or a breast lift, can reduce excess tissue and return the breasts to a more natural, perky state. A breast lift can help improve a woman's overall appearance and self-esteem, although the procedure is not cheap.

Significance

Most women, at one point or another in their lives, are blessed with full, firm breasts. Weight gain and pregnancy are the two most common reasons for full breasts, although some women are naturally graced with them. Large, sagging breasts can be uncomfortable and unsightly, and there are few options for correcting this problem. A breast lift is the most effective procedure for reducing overall volume and restoring proper form. While a lift is not a failsafe fix for sagging, it is a good solution for severe cases.

Function

A breast lift reduces sagging and restores fullness for those with an excess amount of loose skin. During breast lift surgery, the plastic surgeon measures the breasts and makes an anchor-shaped incision around the areola and down under the breast. Excess skin and tissue is removed, and the tissue is lifted and pulled together at the incision points. The skin is then stitched or stapled together around the incisions. The nipple and areola will actually be centered higher on the breast, and the surgeon will adjust this according to the patient's anatomical structure. Breast lifts are performed in sterile facilities like hospitals or outpatient surgical centers, and are normally done under general anesthesia.

Considerations

Mastopexy is a major surgical procedure and is a costly process. The base price for a normal, uncomplicated mastopexy ranges from $5,000 to $9,000. This fee does not include the charges for the anesthesia or the surgical center, which average $2,000. If the patient is interested in implants as well as a lift, or needs existing implants removed, the costs increase accordingly. Most breast-lift procedures cover the day of the stay and one night of observation in the facility to ensure against any major complications. Surgery fees will also cover necessary recovery items, such as the initial follow-up and bandage changes for the first few days.

Benefits

Lifted breasts can mean lifted hopes and spirits for many patients. Large, sagging breasts can be extremely embarrassing and demoralizing, and a breast lift can help eliminate those self-conscious feelings. Smaller, lifted breasts can also rid patients of back pain and poor posture caused by very large breasts. While it may seem like a costly procedure, the benefits greatly outweigh the costs.

Warning

Caution must be taken before undergoing any surgical procedure. As with any surgery, complications can occur. Scarring, fluid buildup and asymmetry are possible, although fairly rare. Recovery must be taken seriously, and a minimum of 14 days should be allowed before any lifting or strenuous activity resumes.

Tags: breast lift, Breast Lift Cost, breast lift help, Does Breast, Does Breast Lift

Radiology Technology Programs

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates a 17 percent increase in the demand for radiology technologists through 2018, which should create approximately 37,000 new jobs in the field. To obtain the licensure necessary to work as a technologist, most states require applicants to have graduated from a radiology technology program approved by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT).

Massasoit Community College

Established in 1966, Massasoit Community College is a public institution in Brockton, Massachusetts. The school is home to nearly 8,000 students, as of April 2010, and grants an Associate of Applied Science degree in radiologic technology. Before enrolling in the program, students must complete a course in biology or pass a biology placement test. Those admitted to the program spend 21 months completing the required courses, which include anatomy, positioning, digital imaging, psychology or sociology and radiation science. Students complete four clinical rotations prior to graduation. Eligible students can participate in federal and state loan, grant and work-study programs to offset the cost of tuition. A child care center on campus provides low-cost day care for students' children. Job placement assistance is available for all students.

Massasoit Community College‎

1 Massasoit Blvd.

Brockton, MA 02302

508-588-9100‎

massasoit.mass.edu

Indian Hills Community College

Indian Hills Community College is a public institution in Ottumwa, Iowa, 85 miles southeast of Des Moines. The college offers an eight-term or two-year Associate of Applied Science degree in radiologic technology. Among the classes required for the major are anatomy, medical terminology, computer science, physiology, film critique, psychology, mathematics, radiation protection, radiation physics and biology, and pathophysiology. Seven clinical rotations are required for graduation. Sources of financial aid for qualified Indian Hills students include federal and state grants and loans, veterans' benefits, institutional scholarships and work-study. Child care is available on campus and job placement assistance is provided.

Indian Hills Community College

525 Grandview Ave.

Ottumwa, IA 52501

641-683-5111

ihcc.cc.ia.us

Mt. San Antonio College

One of the largest community colleges in California, Mt. San Antonio College has an enrollment of more than 65,000 students, as of April 2010, at its campus in Walnut, a suburban area about 25 miles from Los Angeles. For admission into the college's Associate of Applied Science program in radiology technology, students must show evidence of high school-level course work in biology and algebra and pass a criminal background check and drug test. The required courses take two years to complete and include anatomy, medical terminology, fluoroscopy, digital imaging and nursing procedures. Six clinical placements are included in the curriculum. In addition to federal and state financial aid programs, the college offers a limited number of work-study opportunities and institutional scholarships. Low-cost child care and job placement assistance are provided through the college.

Mt. San Antonio College

1100 North Grand Ave.

Walnut, CA 91789

909-594-5611

mtsac.edu

Tags: Community College, Indian Hills, Antonio College, Applied Science, Associate Applied

Housing Grants For Single Women In Colorado

Single women in Colorado may qualify for federal or state housing programs.

The State of Colorado does not offer housing grants or housing programs specifically for single women. However, single women living in Colorado may qualify for housing assistance through federal and state programs that extend eligibility to all qualified residents. Programs sponsored by the federal government offer rent subsidies and affordable housing for low-income Colorado residents living in urban and rural areas. Local home buyer programs provide low- or no-interest loans to help qualified home buyers meet down payment requirements.

Public Housing Program

According to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, nearly 8,300 Colorado households live in public housing units. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development offers public housing nationwide and local public housing agencies administer the program in Colorado. Public housing may include different styles of housing, including apartments or single-family homes. The Public Housing Program offers housing to low-income individuals and families, along with the disabled and senior citizens. To qualify, applicants must meet income limits established by HUD, which may vary depending on location. Public housing residents typically must pay approximately 30 percent of their incomes for rent.

Housing Choice Voucher Program

Local housing agencies in Colorado offer rent subsidies through HUD's Housing Choice Voucher program, often referred to as the Section 8 program. The HCV program extends eligibility to the disabled, senior citizens and low-income households and allows participants to choose their housing from the private rental market. Candidates must meet income limits established by HUD and participants can choose from rental housing such as apartments, single-family houses or townhouses. HCV recipients typically pay approximately 30 percent of their monthly incomes for rent and their local housing agency pays the subsidy to the property owner. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities estimates that more than 28,000 Colorado households receive rent subsidies through the HCV program.

Rural Rental Assistance

Low-income Coloradans living in rural areas may qualify for the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Rural Rental Assistance program. The RA program offers rent subsidies, typically to tenants living in housing financed by the USDA's Section 515 program. The USDA extends eligibility for the RA program to senior citizens, disabled people and households with low incomes. RA participants typically pay no more than 30 percent of their incomes for rent. To qualify for RA subsidies, applicants must meet income limits. According to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, more than 2,500 rural Colorado households receive rent assistance through the USDA program.

Local Home Buyer Programs

Certain local Colorado governments offer programs to help homeowners make down payments for home purchases. For example, the City of Longmont administers the Boulder County Down Payment Assistance Program. As of July 2011, the program offers loans of up to $15,000 to help first-time home buyers meet down payment requirements. The City of Aurora sponsors the Home Ownership Assistance Program, which extends eligibility to first-time home buyers. The HOAP offers no-interest loans up to $10,000, as of July 2011, for home down payments. The HOAP requires home buyers to contribute at least one percent of the home price from their own funds.

Tags: home buyers, rent subsidies, Budget Policy, Budget Policy Priorities, Center Budget

Post Masectomy Exercises

If you recently went through a mastectomy surgery, exercise is probably not your first thought. However, following a mastectomy, specific exercises speed up the recovery process, both mentally and physically. The sooner you begin to introduce movement, the faster your body heals, provided you perform the appropriate exercises safely!

The Facts

Prior to beginning any exercise program after a mastectomy, consult your physician. Start by examining your recovery process and exercise history. Once you receive approval to begin exercising, start slow and progress as you feel comfortable. Many women suffer from lymphedema, or lack of skin elasticity across the chest, and embarrassment. Focus on specific exercises to regain range of motion and maintain correct posture.

The Exercises

To help the lymphedema, raise both hands above your head as you walk and squeeze and release your hands in a pumping motion. This allows fluid to circulate and decreases swelling from the edema. For the range of motion, incorporate exercises that open up the chest and shoulder area.

For example, from a standing position, raise your arms out to your side up to shoulder height and press your arms back, opening up the chest by pinching your shoulder blades together. To work the area under the armpit, stand with your side to the wall about arms length away. Take the hand closest to the wall and walk your fingers up the wall climbing above shoulder. Work this same area again by sitting in a chair and clasping your hands together in front of your body. Raise both arms above your head so you stretch the area under the arms.

Progression

These exercises provide you with a starting point. As you gain strength and range of motion, progress to more difficult movements and add weight. Some you may have to do forever to maintain a level of progress. Move at your pace and challenge yourself when your body indicates it's ready for more work.

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Careers That Use Math Everyday

Most people use a fair amount of mathematics in their daily routines. Mathematical calculations are used in many jobs at many different levels, from grocery store shelf stocking to brain surgery. Some jobs however, use more math than others. Here are a few careers in which numbers and math formulas play more than a cursory role.

Accountants

Accountants use mathematics everyday to do their jobs. Accountants help their clients with financial planning and taxes. They use math formulas to measure rates of interest and to do tax forms and other paperwork involving dividends and projections.

Agriculturists

Agriculturists need math to calculate the amount of fertilizer, pesticides and water they need to grow the crops we use for food. They need numbers to report the percentage of crops harvested compared to the percentage lost to floods, insects and other natural occurrences.

Architects

Architects put math to use when designing buildings. They need to know calculate the amount of material needed to complete their structures. Blueprints and cost proposals also are math-based, as is the time they project it will take to complete the job.

Biologists

Biologists use math projections when they warn the world about the possible extinction of an animal species. In their studies of nature, they use math to calculate the number of animals, plants, fish and insects that are alive from year to year. To do this they employ animal mating and migration statistics.

Chemists

Chemists use math to develop new formulas and medications to make life easier. They also use math to analyze crime scenes.

Nurses

Nurses need math when giving medications to patients. They need to know the correct formula for adding medication to an injection or IV bag. They also use math when taking measurements, such as a patient's blood pressure, heartbeat and risk assessment.

Tradesmen

Tradesmen are the hands-on people who build our homes. They include carpenters, electricians, mechanics and plumbers, all of whom use math to do their jobs--whether it's measuring, calculating the cost of a job and estimating labor costs.

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How Much Does A Radiology Technician Get Paid

A radiologic technician usually works under the supervision of a radiologic technologist who is trained in several imaging techniques.

A radiologic technician performs functions within a medical environment relating to diagnostic imaging. Primarily using X-ray technologies, a radiologic technician advises patients on the procedure, takes images, transfers them to a video screen or a photographic plate, and liaises with other members of the radiologic team. She may also be required to administer non-radioactive substances into the patient's bloodstream to help with diagnosis. A radiologic technician's salary varies according to experience and location.

Average Pay

A survey published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics in May 2009 placed the mean yearly salary for a radiologic technician at $54,180. It reported that the median 50 percent of earners achieved salaries of $53,240. The highest earning 10 percent of technicians received a mean salary of $75,440, while the bottom strata of earners achieved an average of $35,700. A radiologic technician may also receive additional benefits, such as health cover and bonuses, depending on the terms of her contract.

Pay by Industry

Radiologic technicians are employed across several sectors of the health-care industry. Salary levels do, however, differ depending upon which one a technician works in. The Bureau of Labor Statistics cites scientific research and development services as offering the highest pay rates at an average of $64,800 annually. General medical and surgical hospitals were listed at $54,770; positions within the offices of physicians brought wage levels of $50,860; and outpatient care centers offered an average of $52,950.

Pay by Geography

Different states across America pay differing average salaries to radiologic technicians. Massachusetts, Nevada and Maryland are listed as the top payers, averaging $68,530, $66,420 and $65,820 respectively. At the other end of the scale, South Dakota offers an average salary of $44,970 per year, while West Virginia trails with pay listed at $41,400. The single most lucrative metropolitan area for a radiologic technician is San Jose, California where the average salary is listed as $78,300.

Pay by Experience

Wage comparison website PayScale.com surveyed radiologic technician salaries in January 2011 and found that experience can impact salary levels significantly. The listed pay level for a radiology technician with between one and four years of experience is $30,613 to $46,175. An individual with five to nine years of experience in the role can expect wages between $23,797 and $54,045, while a practitioner who has gained 10 to 19 years in the field is in line for $73,633 to $89,243.

Prospects

The Bureau of Labor Statistics expects the employment market for radiologic technicians to increase by approximately 17 percent in the years between 2008 and 2018 (faster than the rate across all professions, estimated at seven to 13 percent). The increase will primarily be fuelled by an aging population requiring more radiologic imaging and treatment services. As such, radiologic technicians should continue to receive excellent pay levels in the immediate future.

Tags: radiologic technician, Bureau Labor, Bureau Labor Statistics, Labor Statistics, radiologic technicians, average salary

Aids & Flulike Symptoms

HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, can cause or contribute to flu-like symptoms at a number of stages. In stages 1 and 3 of the disease, flu-like symptoms are present as a manifestation of the virus itself; the weakening of the immune system caused by the progression of HIV also makes HIV-positive people more susceptible to viral conditions like the flu.

Acute Infection

Many people recently infected with HIV experience a flu-like illness during acute HIV infection, the time following infection. Everything that happens during the time between infection and the end of illness associated with acute infection is part of stage 1 HIV; some people do not become ill or do not notice their symptoms and pass directly into asymptomatic HIV. According to AIDS.org, symptoms associated with acute HIV infection include fever, fatigue, rash, headache, swollen glands, aches and pains, stomach troubles and night sweats. Those people who do experience acute HIV symptoms generally develop them between two and four weeks after infection.

Nondiagnostic

Many people are familiar with the notion that acute HIV infection sometimes triggers flu-like symptoms. However, what many do not realize is that these symptoms are not diagnostic for HIV. This means that, even if the person sees a doctor and in fact recently has been infected with HIV, the doctor cannot diagnose HIV through symptoms alone. If you have reason to believe you have been exposed to HIV, whether or not you develop a flu-like illness soon after, it is important to get an HIV test, as this is the only way to know your status.

Note that tests that screen for HIV antibodies will give a true positive only if seroconversion--developing a detectable level of antibodies--already has occurred. This generally happens within 30 days of infection, but may take three to six months. Thus, you may need repeat testing to be sure of a negative result.

Chronic Flu-Like Symptoms

As HIV progresses to its third, symptomatic stage, it has caused severe damage to the immune system and there may be an appearance of chronic flu-like symptoms. According to HIV-Symptoms.info, these may include swollen glands, night sweats, diarrhea, fever and headaches. Other symptoms of symptomatic (stage 3) HIV include weight loss and skin and breathing conditions.

Immunosuppression

By targeting the immune system, HIV makes a person's body less capable of fighting off infections. People who are immunosuppressed as a result of advanced HIV/AIDS are more susceptible to infection with viral and other diseases. In addition, people with weakened immune symptoms experience more severe effects as a result of contracting even a simple flu.

Precautions

You may need to take precautions when interacting with someone who has advanced HIV/AIDS to protect her from developing a serious infection. HIV InSite observes that people with advanced HIV/AIDS and people in contact with them should always wash their hands after using the restroom, and visitors should always wash hands before contact. HIV InSite also recommends that people with advanced HIV/AIDS avoid contact with children who have viral illnesses, and that people who have flu and other respiratory conditions wear respirator masks.

Tags: acute infection, advanced AIDS, immune system, people with, that people, always wash, associated with

Find A Good Gynecologist

Your gynecologist should be someone you feel comfortable with.

Your gynecologist should be someone you feel comfortable being honest with about sensitive or embarrassing issues. Since a relationship with a gynecologist is a long-lasting one typically, it is worth taking the extra time to find one you trust. Several considerations play a part in what constitutes a good gynecologist for any one person.

Instructions

1. Decide whether you prefer a male or female gynecologist. Also, consider a gynecologist who is also an obstetrician, if you plan to have a baby.

2. Consult your female friends and tell them your needs. A friend's gynecologist may or may not be a correct fit for your preferences and needs, but you can ask your friends about the gynecologist they use. Ask about fees, insurance, bedside manner, location and if the gynecologist is accepting new patients.

3. Make a list of gynecologists in your area you wish to learn more about. Check this list against lists of gynecologists covered under your insurance plan, if applicable.

4. Prepare a list of questions to ask the gynecologist's office. Important questions include

how long he has been in business, how accessible the doctor is after office hours, the hospital they have privileges at, the school they went to, and how long a typical visit lasts.

5. Check the state's medical board website for the gynecologist's name to make sure the medical license is valid. Ask the state board if the gynecologist has ever been sued, sanctioned or suspended for malpractice.

6. Schedule an appointment with one of the gynecologists from your narrowed-down list. It is important to feel relaxed and confident with a gynecologist -- if you feel uneasy after the initial appointment, try out a different doctor from your list.

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Protein Powder Dangers

Bodybuilders use protein shakes to build muscle, but at what cost?

While protein powders are popular among the weight loss and bodybuilding crowds, there are potential dangers associated with these products that can adversely affect the consumer's health. Not all protein powders are created the same, and many of them contain an array of chemicals and additives to enhance flavor or appearance. Not only that, but high doses of protein can lead to an overworked kidney and liver.

Aspartame

Aspartame is added to some protein powders as a sweetener to enhance the flavor of the protein powder. However, when aspartame is digested in the body, it breaks down into formic acid and formaldehyde. Formic acid is an irritant and formaldehyde causes nerve damage. Not all protein powders contain aspartame, but some do, so it's important to check the ingredients of protein powders to determine whether or not it contains aspartame.

Other Artificial Sweeteners

Some protein powders contain artificial sweeteners, which have the potential to release various toxins into the bloodstream. While the protein powder may taste better, these toxins work to break down the body's nervous tissues. In high doses, and over time, these artificial sweeteners can do damage to the body, resulting in significant changes to the nervous system.

Acid Washing and Aluminum Content

Soy protein powders present a threat to the consumer due to the significant amounts of harmful chemicals that are used in the creation process of the soy protein powder. Particularly, the soy is acid washed, which allows high levels of aluminum to appear in the final powder. Lysinoalanine is formed during acid washing as well, and when spray dried creates nitrites, which are known carcinogens that cause cancer.

Liver and Kidney Damage

High doses of protein powder over a long period of time causes stress on the liver and kidneys. Because the liver and kidneys process and break down proteins, an excessively increased amount of protein intake causes the liver and kidneys to work harder to compensate. Overuse of protein powders can assist liver disease, or failure, as well as kidney stones and kidney failure.

Tags: protein powders, liver kidneys, protein powder, break down, doses protein, enhance flavor, high doses

Radiologist Job Description

Radiologist Job Description

Radiologists, also known as radiologic technicians, are medical professionals who use x-rays and other forms of radiation technology to diagnose and treat illnesses of the human body. Because they work in direct connection with doctors and other medical professionals, they may also be required, as part of their job description, to take over clerical and administrative duties.

Identification

The main purpose of a radiologist is to diagnose diseases through the use of x-rays. Depending on the setting, this may be expanded to include other tests with radioactive substances, not just x-rays. Radiologists usually work in conjunction with doctors and make diagnosis based on the results of multiple tests.

Significance

Before the x-rays are taken, radiologists prepare patients for their exposure to radiation by covering their bodies with lead shields, usually in the form of vests or sheets. They also explain procedures, make sure that patients are ready (checking, for example, that all metal objects have been removed) and position the machines correctly to ensure that the minimum number of x-rays are needed. Once the x-rays have been taken, radiologists then develop the film and analyze the results.

Features

Radiologists are sometimes involved in the treatment of certain conditions, such as growths (especially external, although internal tumors are sometimes also treated). When directed by a doctor, some patients receive direct radiation as treatment. Others have radioisotopes implanted, which then need to be monitored and cared for by radiologists. Many radiologists who offer this type of treatment hold an additional certification in nuclear medicine.

Potential

Most radiologists perform a series of additional diagnostic tests besides x-rays. These include ultrasounds, MRIs, CT scans, barium studies and angiography. Many work alongside radiographers, nurses and doctors to prepare and diagnose patients with a variety of symptoms.

Effects

Aside from the medical side of the job, radiologists are also expected to take on certain administrative responsibilities, such as handling patient records, dealing with complaints, ensuring the meeting of medical policies, completing documentation, patient reviews and staff-to-staff communication, which may include teaching or management duties.

Tags: have been, medical professionals, Radiologist Description, taken radiologists, with doctors

Should I Worry That One Breast Is Noticeably Larger Than Other

Many women are self-conscious about their breasts. They feel that they are too big or too small or too saggy or too full. Many women also wonder about the symmetry of their breasts. Most women notice at least some size difference between their breasts, and for some this difference is noticeable. Many times this is normal, but in some cases, a larger breast can be a sign of a problem.

Natural Breasts

Natural breasts are almost never symmetrical. One is almost always bigger than the other. A large difference such as a B-cup and a DD-cup can be remedied with surgery or by wearing padding on the smaller side.

Breastfeeding

During breastfeeding, it is normal for one breast to seem fuller or larger than the other. If baby favors one side, it will fill up more than the other. After weaning, breasts should return to similar sizes.

Breast-Augmentation Surgery

After breast-implant surgery, it is normal for one breast to swell more than the other. If after four months, there is still a noticeable size difference, see your plastic surgeon to find out what is wrong.

Sudden Change

A sudden change in the size and shape of one or both breasts can indicate breast cancer. See a doctor immediately if either breast suddenly seems larger than normal.

Breast Implants

Breast implants can break down, leak or rupture. If you have implants and one breast suddenly seems smaller than the other, see your plastic surgeon immediately to find out what has happened.

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Kaiser Permanente Allied Health Care Scholarships

Kaiser Permanente scholarships help college students pursue medical degrees.

Started during the Great Depression to provide health care services to construction, steel mill and shipyard workers, Kaiser Permanente Allied Health Care continues to operate as a not-for-profit health care provider. The company is made up of three entities--the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, the Kaiser Foundation Hospitals and the Permanente Medical Groups. As part of its mission to provide affordable health care options, Kaiser Permanente also offers a number of scholarships to high school and college students to help make college affordable.

The Kaiser Permanente Health Care Career Scholarship

Together with the Oregon Health Career Center, Kaiser Permanente Northwest offers the Kaiser Permanente Health Care Career Scholarship to graduating high school seniors who want to pursue careers in health care. The $2,000 scholarships go to nearly 130 students in the Northwest region. Applicants must be nominated by a high school teacher and winners are chosen based on teacher recommendations as well financial need.

Allied Healthcare Scholarship

Funded by Kaiser Permanente and administered by the Health Professions Education Foundation, the Allied Healthcare Scholarship goes to students enrolled in or accepted to an allied health care program. Allied health care programs range from diagnostic medical sonography to medical assistant to surgical technician. Each scholarship awards up to $4,000 per student and recipients are chosen based on financial need, career goals as shown through a personal statement, community service performance and academic merit.

Kaiser Permanente Latino Association Employee Scholarship

The Kaiser Permanente Latino Association Employee Scholarship awards two $1,000 scholarships to Kaiser Permanente employees. Applicants must be pursuing a degree in an allied health care major, be a graduating high school senior or current college student and be from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California service region. Students must have a minimum 3.0 grade point average and must be of Latino, Chicano or Hispanic heritage.

Kaiser Permanente College to Caring Program

Offered to college juniors and seniors pursuing degrees in nursing, the Kaiser Permanente College to Caring Program awards $8,000 scholarships. Eligible students must be an undergraduate, of Hispanic background, be residing in northern California and studying at a northern California university or college. Other requirements include studying full-time, demonstrating financial need and maintaining a minimum 3.0 grade point average.

Kaiser Permanente Allied Health Care Scholarship Program

At California State University Bakersfield, students enrolled in one of 11 health care specialty majors qualify for the Kaiser Permanente Allied Health Care Scholarship Program. Scholarship applications for the $2,000 and $2,500 awards are accepted biannually and applicants must have at least a 2.0 grade point average. Scholarship recipients must also commit to working in direct patient care in California for at least one year following graduation.

Tags: Kaiser Permanente, health care, high school, Kaiser Permanente Allied, Permanente Allied, Permanente Allied Health

What Type Of Work Does A Mammalogist Do

Mammalogists need to be patient, detail-oriented and critical thinkers.

Approximately 4,200 species of mammals---warm-blooded vertebrates that have hair or fur and give birth to live offspring---live on the planet. Mammalogy, a branch of zoology, concentrates on the study these mammals as well as extinct mammals. A mammalogist may study a wide-range of topics on a single species or group of species, or she might research a single topic among multiple mammal species.

General Work

Mammalogists study the physiology, role, behavior, classification and evolution of different species of mammals from elephants and platypuses to mice and shrews. They can focus a study around a specific subdivision of mammalogy such as anatomy or ethology, or include two or more subdivisions into any one study. Most mammalogists conduct their research alone, but sometimes they collaborate with others in their field or in a related field, such as an ornithologist. Once they conclude a study, they share their scientific findings with colleagues and organizations. They also publish their findings in scientific journals.

Subdivisions

Mammalogy is divided into to seven major subdivisions that, if a mammalogist is interested in natural history, he studies the animal's habitat, food, predators, reproductive states and social structure. The taxonomy and systematics subdivision requires biological scientists to study the classification of mammals as well as their evolutionary relationships to extinct animals. Anatomy and physiology subdivision deals with the mammal's body. Mammalogists interested in ethology study how a mammal's behavior affects its ability to survive and reproduce. Ecological mammalogists find out how mammals interact and adapt to their environments. Management and control focuses on studying the interactions between humans and mammals.

Training

To become a mammalogist a person needs to undergo extensive education and training. Most job positions require her to earn a doctorate degree in zoology with a concentration on mammalogy. However, some jobs only call for a master's degree. During their education, they take classes on ethology, morphology, chemistry, cell biology and research and statistics. They often complete internships or gain volunteer experience before graduation. This gives them experience and helps them build contacts in the field. To stay on top of the latest advancements in mammalogy, mammalogists usually receive continuing education throughout their career.

Careers

Mammalogists find work doing extensive research for universities that includes overseeing a staff of lab technicians, undergraduates and graduate students and writing grant proposals. Some teach at colleges and conduct limited research. Federal and state government agencies also hire mammologists to do research. Mammalogists who work in a museum curate, research and sometimes teach. Zoos hire mammalogists to study captive animals while wildlife organizations employ these scientists to observe the animals on the sanctuary.

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Good Argumentative Research Paper Topics

Choosing a topic you're interested in is key to writing a convincing argumentative research paper.

Argumentative research papers are among the most commonly dreaded college assignments. What gets most students nervous is having to select their own topic to argue for or against. Yet you probably voice opinions and argue for what you want on a regular basis in your daily life, so there's no reason why you can't do it in writing. The key is choosing a topic that you have a genuine interest or concern for---that way you will be willing to invest the time and research into crafting an excellent paper and will be able to write passionately and convincingly. Below are some tried-and-true topics to get you started, but feel free to branch out from there and come up with your own unique and exciting topic.

Culture and Media

Should song lyrics be subject to the same kind of rating system as movies? Should news reporters be required to reveal their sources? Should the Internet be censored?

Education

Should colleges pay student athletes salaries? Must students be required to attend high school past the age of sixteen? Are all-girls/all-boys schools outdated?

Health and Safety

Should unapproved drugs be administered to patients as a last resort? Should people be allowed to opt out of vaccinations against infectious diseases? Does the drinking age promote or prevent underage drinking?

Economics

Is drug-testing job applicants a violation of privacy? Is the minimum wage requirement beneficial or harmful to the economy? Are tariffs or limits on foreign imports a good idea?

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Preventative Care & Hsa

The newest form of a medical savings accounts is a Health Savings Account (HSA). According to the United States Department of the Treasury, "HSAs were created by the Medicare Bill signed by President Bush on 12/8/2003" and first made available in January 2004. If you enroll in a qualified high deductible health plan (a plan with a minimum deductible amount as defined by the IRS), you can set aside money on a pre-tax basis in an HSA to pay for future health care costs as defined by IRS Code Section 213(d) and in IRS publication 502. Except for preventive care, with a high deductible health insurance plan, you must meet the annual deductible before the plan pays benefits. Preventive care services, however, can be covered by your insurance company before you meet your deductible. .

Definition of HSA

A Health Savings Account is a bank account (not a medical plan) you can open to deposit money tax free up to a limit established by the IRS. Once the money is in the account, it can be withdrawn to pay for qualified medical expenses as defined by IRS publication 502. Unused money stays in your account from year to year, and you do not pay taxes on the contributions or earnings made. Plus, the funds belong to you and go with you if you change jobs or retire.

Medical expenses defined

The money in your HSA account is used on qualified medical expenses. IRS Code Section 213(d) states that a qualified medical expense must be primarily to alleviate or prevent a physical illness or mental defect or illness. In addition to the obvious costs such as going to a doctors office, hospital or prescription drugs the IRS also allows for other expenses such as eyeglasses, medically necessary contact lenses and certain medical supplies such as bandages. If you use your HSA money on an expense that does not qualify as a medical expense, the money is taxed as regular income and you pay a 10 percent penalty if you are under the age of 65.

Who can have an HSA?

HSAs are available to you if you:

1. Are covered by a high deductible health plan (HDHP)

2. Are not on Medicare Benefits

3. Are not insured under another health insurance plan which is not a qualifying high deductible health plan

4. Are not covered by a flexible spending account (FSA)

5. Cannot be claimed on someone else's taxes

What is preventive care?

Annual checkup

Preventive as defined by Dictionary.com is "Something that prevents or slows the course of an illness or disease." Preventive care is the services covered when you visit your general practitioner or primary care physician for your annual checkup. Preventive care does not include services for treatment of an existing condition. It is for diagnosing or discovering new conditions.

For instance, if you go to your doctor for your annual checkup and you learn you have high blood pressure, the exam was still preventive because you did not know you had high blood pressure before your visit. However, if you have diabetes and get regular checkups to monitor your diabetes, these would not be considered preventive care because you already had and are being treated for diabetes.

Considerations

Upon death, the remaining balance in your HSA is included in your gross estate for estate tax purposes. If the beneficiary you chose when setting the account up is your surviving spouse, the HSA belongs to the spouse and she can deduct the account balance in determining your taxable estate. If the beneficiary is someone other than your spouse, the HSA ceases to exist, and the beneficiary must include the fair market value of the account in his gross income for tax purposes. If no beneficiary is named, the tax is payable by the estate or the beneficiary of the estate.

Tags: deductible health, high deductible, high deductible health, deductible health plan, health plan, Preventive care

Home Remedy To Remove Ringworm From Face With Vinegar

Ringworm is a fungal infection that affects the skin in various places on the body, including the face. The infection causes a circular patch of red irritated skin that can be sensitive to the touch and itch. The red ring will often have a patch of healthy looking skin in the center, according to the Mayo Clinic. There are many anti-fungal creams and other over-the-counter treatments for this condition, but several home remedies exist using vinegar that will clear it up quickly.

Nightly Wash

Use a vinegar solution to clean the skin at bedtime to rid your body of ringworm. This home remedy can be used on ringworm infections on any part of the body and is easy to create and apply.

In a plastic container, mix one part apple cider vinegar, one part hydrogen peroxide and 10 parts water. Use this solution to wash the affected area of skin each night before bed, according to MyHomeRemedies.com. It can be used at other times to speed the process. This solution may also be used to wash the scalp for ringworm in that area, but those with color-treated hair should be aware of the color-stripping properties of peroxide.

Straight Application

Apple cider vinegar can be used without being diluted on ringworm-affected areas of the skin. This natural substance is a common cure for ringworm, athlete's foot and jock itch, which are all forms of the tinea infection.

Wash your face thoroughly and dry the skin. Use a cotton swab dipped in pure apple cider vinegar and rub the liquid around on the infected area of the face. It may sting a bit, depending on the severity of the infection, but the visible signs of the infection will likely be gone within days.

Another way to use this remedy is to apply the vinegar and then cover the affected area with toothpaste overnight to further dry the skin. Fungus needs moisture to survive.

Garlic and Vinegar

Garlic, like vinegar, has anti-fungal properties useful in fighting ringworm infections. Using them together can increase the potency of these common home remedies.

Slice a garlic clove and use it as a compress on the infected skin three times a day. Follow this application by washing the area clean using white vinegar, according to Natural-Homeremedies.com.

Prevention

There are not only an abundance of home remedies for ringworm, but there are preventive measures you can also take at home, according to the Mayo Clinic.

Keep the skin clean and dry as much as possible. Do not cover the skin with any kind of thick, heavy clothing during times of warm weather or high humidity, as this will encourage fungal growth.

Remember that pets and other people can transmit ringworm to you. Be cautious of playing with dogs or cats that appear to have skin problems or hair missing, and never use towels, brushes or other personal items of others who may be infected.

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Ultrasound Sonography Colleges

Ultrasound sonography programs are available at a number of colleges throughout the United States.

A 2009 study by the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that employment opportunities in the field of diagnostic medical sonography will increase by 18 percent from 2008 through 2018. Diagnostic medical sonographers are responsible for operating the ultrasound equipment necessary for diagnosing illnesses and injuries. In order to pursue a career in sonography, individuals must have completed an approved training program. Numerous colleges throughout the United States offer a degree in sonography.

Chattanooga State Community College

Students attending the Diagnostic Medical Sonography program offered by Chattanooga State Community College have the opportunity to choose from two specialties: general diagnostic medical sonography and cardiovascular sonography. Both programs require 12 months of full-time study beginning in the fall semester of each academic year. Students in the general sonography program learn skills focusing on the abdomen, small parts and obstetrics and gynecology fields, while the cardiovascular program focuses on visceral and peripheral vascular sonography and adult echocardiography. Each program requires that students complete a clinical practice experience upon graduation, which is arranged by the school. As of 2010, tuition costs at Chattanooga State are $945 per semester and financial aid is available.

Chattanooga State Community College

4501 Amnicola Highway

Chattanooga, Tennessee 37406

423-697-4404

chattanoogastate.edu

University of Arkansas

The College of Health Related Professions at the University of Arkansas offers prospective students the opportunity to earn a Bachelor of Science in the field of Diagnostic Medical Sonography. The program requires four years of study to complete, combining classroom education with clinical experiences. Students interested in a shorter course may choose to study through the school's advanced certificate program. Courses in both programs include the studies of anatomy, physics, obstetrics, pathology, cardiac and vascular sonography, doppler sonography and advanced hemodynamics, and abdominal and gynecologic sonography. Tuition costs for Arkansas residents are $208 per credit hour as of 2010; out-of-state students can expect costs of $504 per credit hour. Financial assistance is available.

University of Arkansas

Division of Diagnostic Medical Sonography

4301 West Markham Street, #563

Little Rock, Arkansas 72205

501-686-5948

uams.edu

Southwestern Community College

The Medical Sonography degree program offered by Southwestern Community College requires two years of study and awards graduates with an Associate of Applied Science in the field. Classes begin in the fall of each academic year and consist of both coursework and hands-on training through clinical programs. Students receive training in the fields of anatomy and physiology, physics, abdominal sonography, gynecological sonography, psychology, obstetrical sonography and vascular sonography. As of 2010, full-time students can expect tuition costs of $904 per credit hour. Qualified students may receive financial assistance if needed.

Southwestern Community College

447 College Drive

Sylva, NC 28779

828-339-4000

southwesterncc.edu

Tags: Community College, Chattanooga State, Chattanooga State Community, credit hour, Medical Sonography, Southwestern Community

Trick Yourself Into Feeling Full

Learn to listen to your stomach and know when you've had enough to eat.

With creativity, you can easily reduce your calorie consumption and trick your mind into thinking your stomach is full. Serve healthy portion sizes and still feel satisfied at the end of every meal. You'll be on the road to healthy eating in no time. If you're trying to lose a few pounds, feeling full more often will help you achieve your weight goal.

Instructions

1. Drink water throughout the day. High calorie beverages such as soft drinks, juice and specialty coffees add unnecessary calories and don't make you feel as full as solid foods. Drinking water also helps your brain think your stomach is full, helping you understand when you're hungry or just thirsty.

2. Take your time when you eat. Savor your food and slow down your pace to help you consume less while still being able to leave the table feeling full. Your brain needs 20 to 30 minutes to register the feeling of having had enough food. Eating slowly helps you feel full without overeating or feeling uncomfortably full.

3. Spice up your meals. Ruth Frechman, registered dietitian for the American Dietetic Association says that "taste has always been the number one factor when deciding what to eat." Your stomach won't feel full or satisfied if you eat bland food, even in larger portions. Choose spicy foods and fresh ingredients packed with flavor as well as necessary nutrients.

4. Give your old dishes to someone who needs them and replace them with smaller dishes. Larger plates and bowls lead to larger portions and weight gain.

5. Drink anything other than water in tall, slender glasses. Short and wide glasses are often filled up more often than taller glasses. Water is the exception; drinking at least eight glasses of water a day is one way to help you feel full.

6. Arrange food on your plates carefully. Start with vegetables to fill up your plate before adding anything else. Stack your ingredients in a tower to trick your brain into thinking you have more food than you really do. Transfer individual portions of takeout food to a plate rather than eating the food from a restaurant container.

Tags: feel full, your stomach, feeling full, into thinking, larger portions, more often

Ultrasound Diagnostic Schools Near Philadelphia

Several schools in Philadelphia offer ultrasound diagnostic programs.

An ultrasound diagnostic technician, also called a sonographer, ultrasonographer or diagnostic medical sonographer, uses ultrasound machines to help diagnose disease or illness, or to monitor the development of fetuses. Ultrasound images are created by the echoes of high-frequency sound waves bouncing back from structures inside the body.

Sonographers can specialize in obstetrics, echocardiography, ophthalmology, neurological or vascular sonography. Training programs in ultrasound diagnostics are offered as two-year associate's degrees and four-year bachelor's degrees, and graduates must accumulate practice hours before they can be licensed.

Like most health care professions, ultrasound diagnostics is a growing field, particularly in large cities like Philadelphia. Demand for sonographers in hospitals and private practices is projected to increase for the next few years.

Jefferson College of Health Professions

Jefferson College of Health Professions offers a two-year bachelor of science degree in radiologic sciences with an emphasis on diagnostic medical sonography. Students can specialize in cardiac and vascular sonography or focus on one of these specialties and take additional coursework in health management and education. Jefferson College, which cites a career placement rate of at least 95 percent for its graduates, is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Educational Programs.

Jefferson College of Health Professions

Edison Building

130 S. Ninth St.

Philadelphia, PA 19107-5233

877-533-3247

jefferson.edu/jchp

Sanford-Brown Institute

Sanford-Brown Institute's Trevose Campus, located 20 miles from Philadelphia, offers two-year diploma programs in diagnostic medical and cardiovascular sonography. The diagnostic medical sonography curriculum includes study of pelvic and abdominal physiology, anatomy and organ systems, survey protocols, interpretation of images, delivering accurate technical impressions and an introduction to vascular sonography. The cardiovascular sonography program focuses on the anatomy of the heart and vascular systems and includes training in echocardiography, EKGs, telemetry and emergency room protocols. Both programs extend outside the classroom to supervised clinical internships. Sanford-Brown is accredited by the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools.

Sanford-Brown Institute

3600 Horizon Blvd., Suite GL-1

Trevose, PA 19053

888-441-8333

sanfordbrown.edu

Crozer-Chester Medical Center

Crozer-Chester Medical Center, 16 miles from Philadelphia in Upland, has a School of Diagnostic Ultrasound that is located in a teaching hospital. Crozer-Chester's curriculum includes anatomy of the pelvis and abdomen; cross-sectional anatomy; physics; interventional, vascular and neurological sonography; medical ethics; terminology; and patient care. The 18-month program has classes of eight students or fewer and includes both lecture and clinical learning. The program is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs.

School of Diagnostic Ultrasound

Crozer-Chester Medical Center

One Medical Center Blvd.

North Campus, Room 214A

Upland, PA 19013

610-447-2502

crozer.org

Tags: diagnostic medical, Jefferson College, Medical Center, College Health, College Health Professions, Crozer-Chester Medical, Crozer-Chester Medical Center